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arXiv 1910.01643astro-ph.SRastro-ph.IMphysics.flu-dyn
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大质量恒星的低频变率:核心产生还是表面现象?

Low-frequency variability in massive stars: Core generation or surface phenomenon?

Daniel Lecoanet, Matteo Cantiello, Eliot Quataert, Louis-Alexandre Couston, Keaton J. Burns, Benjamin J. S. Pope, Adam S. Jermyn, Benjamin Favier, Michael Le Bars

摘要:

Bowman等人(2019)报告了用K2和TESS观测到的164颗O型和B型恒星的低频光度变化。他们将这些运动解释为内部重力波,这种重力波可能是由这些恒星核心的对流随机激发的。探测大质量恒星内部的重力波将有助于区分具有对流或辐射核心的大质量恒星,确定核心的大小,并将为大质量恒星的结构和演化提供重要的约束。在这项工作中,我们研究的观测签名的内部重力波产生的核心对流。我们计算了\textit{wave transfer function},它将辐射区底部的内部重力波振幅与表面光度变化联系起来。该传递函数对于频率$\lesssim 1 \, {\rm d}^{-1}$变化许多数量级,并且由于驻模而在$1 \, {\rm d}^{-1}$附近具有规则间隔的峰值。这与观察到的光谱不一致,观察到的光谱具有平滑的“红噪声”轮廓,没有预测的规则间隔的峰。只有当波主要保持线性时,波传递函数才有意义。接下来我们证明了这一点:低频行波不会破裂,除非它们的光度超过恒星的辐射光度;并且,在高频观察到的光度波动是如此之小,以至于驻模对于非线性不稳定性是稳定的。这些简单的计算表明,在大质量恒星中观测到的低频光度变化不是由于这些恒星核心产生的内部重力波。最后,我们讨论了(次)表面对流,它在低质量恒星中产生低频变化,与Bowman等人(2019)在高质量恒星中观察到的非常相似。

英文摘要:

Bowman et al. (2019) reported low-frequency photometric variability in 164 O- and B-type stars observed with K2 and TESS. They interpret these motions as internal gravity waves, which could be excited stochastically by convection in the cores of these stars. The detection of internal gravity waves in massive stars would help distinguish between massive stars with convective or radiative cores, determine core size, and would provide important constraints on massive star structure and evolution. In this work, we study the observational signature of internal gravity waves generated by core convection. We calculate the \textit{wave transfer function}, which links the internal gravity wave amplitude at the base of the radiative zone to the surface luminosity variation. This transfer function varies by many orders of magnitude for frequencies $\lesssim 1 \, {\rm d}^{-1}$, and has regularly-spaced peaks near $1 \, {\rm d}^{-1}$ due to standing modes. This is inconsistent with the observed spectra which have smooth ``red noise'' profiles, without the predicted regularly-spaced peaks. The wave transfer function is only meaningful if the waves stay predominately linear. We next show that this is the case: low frequency traveling waves do not break unless their luminosity exceeds the radiative luminosity of the star; and, the observed luminosity fluctuations at high frequencies are so small that standing modes would be stable to nonlinear instability. These simple calculations suggest that the observed low-frequency photometric variability in massive stars is not due to internal gravity waves generated in the core of these stars. We finish with a discussion of (sub)surface convection, which produces low-frequency variability in low-mass stars, very similar to that observed in Bowman et al. (2019) in higher mass stars.

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