用现代光电子能谱法高精度测定普朗克常量
High Precision Determination of the Planck Constant by Modern Photoemission Spectroscopy
摘要：
普朗克常量，其数学符号为$h$，是量子力学中的一个基本常数，与光和物质的量子化有关。它对计量学也具有根本重要性，例如欧姆和伏特的定义以及公斤的最新定义。确定普朗克常量的第一次测量是基于光电效应，然而，迄今为止获得的值显示出很大的不确定性。公认的普朗克常量值为6.62607015 $\times$ 10 $^{-34}$ J $\cdot$ s，是通过最精确的方法之一--基布尔平衡法得到的，该方法涉及量子霍尔效应、约瑟夫森效应和国际千克原型（IPK）或其复制品的使用。本文介绍用现代光电子能谱技术精确测定普朗克常量。通过直接利用爱因斯坦光电方程，利用不同光子波长的光源精确测量金费米能级的能量位置，从而确定普朗克常量。所测得的普朗克常量6.62610（13）$\times$ 10 $^{-34}$ J $\cdot$ s的精度比以前的光电效应测量提高了4到5个数量级。它使光电子能谱法成为测定普朗克常量的最精确的方法之一。我们建议，这种直接的光电子能谱方法具有优势和潜力，以进一步提高其测量精度的普朗克常量是目前可用的最准确的方法相媲美。
英文摘要：
The Planck constant, with its mathematical symbol $h$, is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics that is associated with the quantization of light and matter. It is also of fundamental importance to metrology, such as the definition of ohm and volt, and the latest definition of kilogram. One of the first measurements to determine the Planck constant is based on the photoelectric effect, however, the values thus obtained so far have exhibited a large uncertainty. The accepted value of the Planck constant, 6.62607015$\times$10$^{-34}$ J$\cdot$s, is obtained from one of the most precise methods, the Kibble balance, which involves quantum Hall effect, Josephson effect and the use of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) or its copies. Here we present a precise determination of the Planck constant by modern photoemission spectroscopy technique. Through the direct use of the Einstein's photoelectric equation, the Planck constant is determined by measuring accurately the energy position of the gold Fermi level using light sources with various photon wavelengths. The precision of the measured Planck constant, 6.62610(13)$\times$10$^{-34}$ J$\cdot$s, is four to five orders of magnitude improved from the previous photoelectric effect measurements. It has rendered photoemission method to become one of the most accurate methods in determining the Planck constant. We propose that this direct method of photoemission spectroscopy has advantages and a potential to further increase its measurement precision of the Planck constant to be comparable to the most accurate methods that are available at present.
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