The deuteron form factors are calculated using two model wave functions obtained from the 2007 CST high precision fits to $np$ scattering data. Included in the calculation are a new class of isoscalar $np$ interaction currents which are automatically generated by the nuclear force model used in these fits. If the nuclear model WJC2 is used, a precision fit ($χ^2$/datum $\eqsim1$) to the Sick Global Analysis (GA) of all $ed$ elastic scattering data can be obtained by adjusting the unknown off-shell nucleon form factors $F_3(Q^2)$ (discussed before) and $F_4(Q^2)$ (introduced in this paper), and predicting the high $Q^2$ behavior of the neutron charge form factor $G_{En}(Q^2)$ well beyond the region where it has been measured directly. Relativistic corrections, isoscalar interaction currents, and off-shell effects are defined, discussed, and their size displayed. A rationale for extending $ed$ elastic scattering measurements to higher $Q^2$ is presented.
An Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) would enable next-generation measurements of deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) on the deuteron with detection of a forward-moving nucleon (p, n) and measurement of its recoil momentum ("spectator tagging"). Such experiments offer full control of the nuclear configuration during the high-energy process and can be used for precision studies of the neutron's partonic structure and its spin dependence, nuclear modifications of partonic structure, and nuclear shadowing at small x. We review the theoretical description of spectator tagging at EIC energies (light-front nu…
Polarized electron-deuteron DIS with spectator proton tagging offers a way of measuring the neutron spin structure functions with maximal theoretical control of nuclear effects. We calculate the nuclear structure factors in the longitudinal double-spin asymmetries using methods of light-front nuclear structure. A unique feature of the spin-1 system is that spin asymmetries can be formed either relative to the cross section in all three spin states ($λ_d = \pm 1, 0$) or in the two maximum-spin states only ($\pm 1$, involving tensor polarization). We find that the two-state deuteron spin asymmet…
We present the effective range expansions for the 1S_0 and 3S_1 scattering phase shifts, and the relativistic deuteron wave functions that accompany our recent high precision fits (with chi^2/N{data} approx 1) to the 2007 world np data below 350 MeV. The wave functions are expanded in a series of analytical functions (with the correct asymptotic behavior at both large and small arguments) that can be Fourier-transformed from momentum to coordinate space and are convenient to use in any application. A fortran subroutine to compute these wave functions can be obtained from the authors.
Understanding the role of Quantum Chromodynamics in generating nuclear forces is important for uncovering the mechanism of short-ranged nuclear interactions and their manifestation in short range correlations (SRC). The future Electron-Ion-Collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US will provide an unprecedented opportunity to systematically investigate the underlying physics of SRC for energies and kinematic regions that are otherwise impossible to reach. We study SRCs in electron-deuteron scattering events using the Monte Carlo event generator BeAGLE. Specifically, we investig…
Background: DIS on the polarized deuteron with detection of a proton in the nuclear breakup region (spectator tagging) represents a unique method for extracting the neutron spin structure functions and studying nuclear modifications. The tagged proton momentum controls the nuclear configuration during the DIS process and enables a differential analysis of nuclear effects. Such measurements could be performed with the future electron-ion collider (EIC) and forward proton detectors if deuteron beam polarization could be achieved. Purpose: Develop theoretical framework for polarized deuteron DIS …
The deuteron magnetic moment is calculated using two model wave functions obtained from 2007 high precision fits to $np$ scattering data. Included in the calculation are a new class of isoscalar $np$ interaction currents which are automatically generated by the nuclear force model used in these fits. After normalizing the wave functions, nearly identical predictions are obtained: model WJC-1, with larger relativistic P-state components, gives 0.863(2), while model WJC-2 with very small P-state components gives 0.864(2) These are about 1\% larger than the measured value of the moment, 0.857 n.m…
We give an overview of a model to describe deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) off the deuteron with a spectator proton, based on the virtual nucleon approximation (VNA). The model accounts for the final-state interactions (FSI) of the DIS debris with the spectator proton. Values of the rescattering cross section are obtained by fits to high-momentum spectator data. By using the so-called "pole extrapolation method", free neutron structure functions can be obtained by extrapolating low-momentum spectator proton data to the on-shell neutron pole. We apply this method to the BONuS data set and find …
The one-particle momentum transfer operator is derived in point-form spectator approximation for $NN$ system. General expression is applied to elastic electron-deuteron scattering and to deuteron photodisintegration.
We consider electron-deuteron deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) with detection of a proton in the nuclear fragmentation region ("spectator tagging") as a method for extracting the free neutron structure functions and studying their nuclear modifications. Such measurements could be performed at a future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) with suitable forward detectors. The measured proton recoil momentum (~< 100 MeV in the deuteron rest frame) specifies the deuteron configuration during the high-energy process and permits a controlled theoretical treatment of nuclear effects. Nuclear and nucleonic stru…
The deuteron quadrupole moment is calculated using two CST model wave functions obtained from the 2007 high precision fits to $np$ scattering data. Included in the calculation are a new class of isoscalar $np$ interaction currents automatically generated by the nuclear force model used in these fits. The prediction for model WJC-1, with larger relativistic P-state components, is 2.5% smaller that the experimental result, in common with the inability of models prior to 2014 to predict this important quantity. However, model WJC-2, with very small P-state components, gives agreement to better th…
We discuss the process of deep-inelastic electron scattering (DIS) on the polarized deuteron with detection of a nucleon in the nuclear fragmentation region ("spectator tagging"). We cover (a) the general structure of the semi-inclusive DIS cross section on a spin-1 target; (b) the tagged structure functions in the impulse approximation, where deuteron structure is described by the $NN$ light-front wave function; (c) the extraction of free neutron structure through on-shell extrapolation in the recoil proton momentum. As an application we consider the extraction of the neutron spin structure f…
The Covariant Spectator Theory is applied to the description of quarks and the pion. The dressed quark mass function is calculated dynamically in Minkowski space and used in the calculation of the pion electromagnetic form factor. The effects of the mass function on the pion form factor and the different quark-pole contributions to the triangle diagram are analyzed.
The production of slow nucleons in semi-inclusive deep inelastic electron scattering off the deuteron is investigated in the region $x \gsim 0.3$. It is shown that within the spectator mechanism the semi-inclusive cross section exhibits a scaling property even at moderate values of $Q^2$ ($\sim$ few $(GeV/c)^2$) accessible at present facilities, like $CEBAF$. Such a scaling property can be used as a model-independent test of the dominance of the spectator mechanism itself and provides an interesting tool to investigate the neutron structure function. The possibility of extracting model-indepen…
We propose a model for the quark-antiquark interaction in Minkowski space using the Covariant Spectator Theory. We show that with an equal-weighted scalar-pseudoscalar structure for the confining part of our interaction kernel the axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity is preserved and our model complies with the Adler-zero constraint for pi-pi-scattering imposed by chiral symmetry.
The Covariant Spectator Theory (CST) is used to calculate the mass spectrum and vertex functions of heavy-light and heavy mesons in Minkowski space. The covariant kernel contains Lorentz scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector contributions. The numerical calculations are performed in momentum space, where special care is taken to treat the strong singularities present in the confining kernel. The observed meson spectrum is very well reproduced after fitting a small number of model parameters. Remarkably, a fit to a few pseudoscalar meson states only, which are insensitive to spin-orbit and tensor fo…
We introduce a covariant approach in Minkowski space for the description of quarks and mesons that exhibits both chiral-symmetry breaking and confinement. In a simple model for the interquark interaction the quark mass function is obtained and used in the calculation of the pion form factor. We study the effects of the mass function and of the different quark pole contributions on the pion form factor.
The pion electromagnetic form factor at spacelike momentum transfer is calculated in relativistic impulse approximation using the Covariant Spectator Theory. The same dressed quark mass function and the equation for the pion bound-state vertex function as discussed in the companion paper are used for the calculation, together with a dressed quark current that satisfies the Ward-Takahashi identity. The results obtained for the pion form factor are in agreement with experimental data, they exhibit the typical monopole behavior at high-momentum transfer, and they satisfy some remarkable scaling r…
The production of slow nucleons in semi-inclusive deep inelastic electron scattering off the deuteron is investigated in the region $x \gsim 0.3$ for kinematical conditions accessible at $HERA$. Within the spectator mechanism the semi-inclusive cross section exhibits a scaling property, which can be used as a model-independent test of the dominance of the spectator mechanism itself, providing in this way an interesting tool to investigate the neutron structure function. The possibility of extracting model-independent information on the neutron to proton structure function ratio from semi-inclu…
The pion form factor is calculated in the framework of the charge-conjugation invariant Covariant Spectator Theory. This formalism is established in Minkowski space and the calculation is set up in momentum space. In a previous calculation we included only the leading pole coming from the spectator quark (referred to as the relativistic impulse approximation). In this paper we also include the contributions from the poles of the quark which interacts with the photon and average over all poles in both the upper and lower half planes in order to preserve charge conjugation invariance (referred t…
Heavy and heavy-light tensor and axial-tensor mesons in the Covariant Spectator Theory
Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学技术研究所核科学与工程系及核科学与技术中心）；Departamento de Física, Universidade de Évora（埃武拉大学物理系）；Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP（粒子实验物理与仪器实验室）
We derive a complete Feynman diagram expansion for the elastic form factor and the three-body photo and electrodisintegration of the three-body bound state using the covariant spectator theory. We show that the equations obtained are fully consistent with bound-state equations and the normalization condition previously derived for the covariant three-body bound state, and that the results conserve current.
The processes of dielectron production in deuteron-proton collisions at intermediate incident deuteron beam energies are analyzed in the spectator model within the one-pion exchange reggeized approach. We focus mainly on the momentum and angle distributions of the proton-spectator and the proton emitted in quasi-free $NN$ processes at small angles in the laboratory frame. It is shown that the inclusion of many channels in quasi-free $NN$ interaction allows us to describe the HADES data quite satisfactorily at incident deuteron kinetic energies of about 2.5 GeV.
The pi-pi scattering amplitude calculated with a model for the quark-antiquark interaction in the framework of the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST) is shown to satisfy the Adler zero constraint imposed by chiral symmetry. The CST formalism is established in Minkowski space and our calculations are performed in momentum space. We prove that the axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity is satisfied by our model. Then we show that, similar to what happens within the Bethe-Salpeter formalism, application of the axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity to the CST pi-pi scattering amplitude allows us to sum…
Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) from a tensor polarized deuteron is sensitive to possible non-nucleonic components of the deuteron wave function. To accurately estimate the size of the nucleonic contribution, final-state interactions (FSIs) need to be accounted for in calculations. We outline a model that, based on the diffractive nature of the effective hadron-nucleon interaction, uses the generalized eikonal approximation to model the FSIs in the resonance region, taking into account the proton-neutron component of the deuteron. The calculation uses a factorized model with a basis of three r…
Using a covariant spectator quark model that describes the recent lattice QCD data for the $Δ$ electromagnetic form factors and all available experimental data on $γN \to Δ$ transitions, we analyze the charge and magnetic dipole distributions of the $Δ$ baryon and discuss its shape. We conclude that the quadrupole moment of the $Δ$ is a good indicator of the deformation and that the $Δ^+$ charge distribution has an oblate shape. We also calculate transverse moments and find that they do not lead to unambiguous conclusions about the underlying shape.
We use the covariant spectator theory with an effective quark-antiquark interaction, containing Lorentz scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector contributions, to calculate the masses and vertex functions of, simultaneously, heavy and heavy-light mesons. We perform least-square fits of the model parameters, including the quark masses, to the meson spectrum and systematically study the sensitivity of the parameters with respect to different sets of fitted data. We investigate the influence of the vector confining interaction by using a continuous parameter controlling its weight. We find that vector co…
The effects of the final state interaction (FSI) in semi-exclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons off the deuteron are analyzed paying particular attention to two extreme kinematical regions: i) the one where FSI effects are minimized, so that the quark distribution of bound nucleons could be investigated, and ii) the one where the re-interaction of the produced hadrons with the spectator nucleon is maximized, which would allow one to study the mechanism of hadronization of highly virtual quark. It is demonstrated that when the recoiling spectator nucleon is detected in the backward he…
We present the first calculations of the electromagnetic form factors of $^3$He and $^3$H within the framework of the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST). This first exploratory study concentrates on the sensitivity of the form factors to the strength of the scalar meson-nucleon off-shell coupling, known from previous studies to have a strong influence on the three-body binding energy. Results presented here were obtained using the complete impulse approximation (CIA), which includes contributions of relativistic origin that appear as two-body corrections in a non-relativistic framework, such as …
We study vector meson photoproduction from the deuteron at high momentum transfer, accompanied by break-up of the deuteron into a proton and neutron. The large $-t$ involved allows one of the nucleons to be identified as struck, and the other as a spectator to the $γN\rightarrow VN$ subprocess. Corrections to the plane wave impulse approximation involve final state interactions (FSIs) between the struck nucleon or the vector meson, either of which is energetic, with the slow spectator nucleon. In this regime, the eikonal approximation is valid, so is employed to calculate the cross-section for…
We study the $γ^\ast Λ\to Σ^0$ transition form factors by applying the covariant spectator quark model. Using the parametrization for the baryon core wave functions as well as for the pion cloud dressing obtained in a previous work, we calculate the dependence on the momentum transfer squared, $Q^2$, of the electromagnetic transition form factors. The magnetic form factor is dominated by the valence quark contributions. The final result for the transition magnetic moment, a combination of the quark core and pion cloud effects, turns out to give a value very close to the data. The pion cloud co…
The paper considers the electrodisintegration of the deuteron for kinematic conditions of the JLab experiment E-94-019. The calculations have been performed within the covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach with a separable kernel of nucleon-nucleon interactions. The results have been obtained using the relativistic plane wave impulse approximation and compared with experimental data and other models. The influence of nucleon electromagnetic form factors has been investigated.
Heavy and heavy-light mesons with arbitrary spin and parity in the Covariant Spectator Theory
Universidade de Évora（埃武拉大学）；Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP（粒子物理实验与仪器实验室）；Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学高等技术学院）
The role of relativistic corrections associated with lower Dirac components of the deuteron wavefunction, is examined for parity-violating (PV) electron scattering. The relation between these corrections and negative energy components of the struck nucleon in relativistic PWIA is elucidated. The model dependence induced by describing such effects, using different deuteron vertex functions and prescriptions for the half-off-shell nucleon vertices, is compared against the precision required for studies of nucleon strangeness in quasielastic PV $e-d$ scattering.
Deuteron elastic and deep inelastic electromagnetic properties have been studied within the front-form Hamiltonian dynamics, using a Poincaré-covariant current operator. The deuteron elastic form factors are strongly sensitive to different realistic $N-N$ interactions, while the relevance of different nucleon form factor models is huge for $A(Q^2)$, weak for $B(Q^2)$ and negligible for the tensor polarization. The possibility to gain information on the neutron charge form factor from an analysis of $A(Q^2)$ has been investigated. The extraction of the neutron structure functions from the deute…
Using the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST), one boson exchange (OBE) models have been found that give precision fits to low energy np scattering and the deuteron binding energy. The boson-nucleon vertices used in these models contain a momentum dependence that requires a new class of interaction currents for use with electromagnetic interactions. Current conservation requires that these new interaction currents satisfy a two-body Ward-Takahashi identity, and using principals of simplicity and picture independence, these currents can be uniquely determined. The results lead to general formulae …
Using the covariant spectator theory (CST), we present two one boson exchange kernels that have been successfully adjusted to fit the 2007 world np data (containing 3788 data) below 350 MeV. One model (which we designate WJC-1) has 27 parameters and fits with a chi2/N = 1.06. The other model (designated WJC-2) has only 15 parameters and fits with a chi2/N = 1.12. Both of these models also reproduce the experimental triton binding energy without introducing additional irreducible three-nucleon forces. One result of this work is a new phase shift analysis, updated for all data until 2006, which …
The deuteron magnetic and quadrupole moments are unambiguosly determined within the front-form Hamiltonian dynamics, by using a new current operator which fulfills Poincaré, parity and time reversal covariance, together with hermiticity and the continuity equation. For both quantities the usual disagreement between theoretical and experimental results is largely removed.
Isobaric models for the photo-production of K$^+$ are discussed and their predictions are shown in the K$^0$ photo-production. The models are further used in spectator model calculations of the K$^0$ photo-production on deuteron. Considerable dependence of the inclusive cross section on the elementary amplitude was found.
Using the covariant spectator theory and the transversity formalism, the unpolarized, coincidence cross section for deuteron electrodisintegration, $d(e,e'p)n$, is studied. The relativistic kinematics are reviewed, and simple theoretical formulae for the relativistic impulse approximation (RIA) are derived and discussed. Numerical predictions for the scattering in the high $Q^2$ region obtained from the RIA and five other approximations are presented and compared. We conclude that measurements of the unpolarized coincidence cross section and the asymmetry $A_ϕ$, to an accuracy that will distin…
In front-form dynamics a current operator for systems of interacting particles, which fulfills Poincaré, parity and time reversal covariance, together with hermiticity, can be defined. The electromagnetic form factors can be extracted without any ambiguity and in the elastic case the continuity equation is automatically satisfied. Applications to the calculation of deuteron form factors are presented, and the effects of different nucleon-nucleon interactions, as well as of different nucleon form factors are investigated.
Using the framework of the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST) [1] we are developing a covariant model formulated in Minkowski space to study mesonic structure and spectra. Treating mesons as effective $q\bar{q}$ states, we focused in [2] on the nonrelativistic bound-state problem in momentum space with a linear confining potential. Although integrable, this kernel has singularities which are difficult to handle numerically. In [2] we reformulate it into a form in which all singularities are explicitely removed. The resulting equations are then easier to solve and yield accurate and stable soluti…
In front-form dynamics the current operator can be constructed from auxiliary operators, defined in a Breit frame where initial and final three-momenta of the system are directed along the $z$ axis. Poincaré covariance constraints reduce for auxiliary operators to the ones imposed only by kinematical rotations around the $z$ axis. Elastic and transition form factors can be extracted without any ambiguity and in the elastic case the continuity equation is automatically satisfied, once Poincaré, ${\cal P}$ and ${\cal T}$ covariance, together with hermiticity, are imposed. Applications to deep in…
Recent developments of the covariant Bethe-Salpeter (BS) approach with the use of the separable interaction for the deuteron are reviewed. It is shown that the BS formalism allows a covariant description of various electromagnetic reactions like the lepton-deuteron scattering, deuteron electro-disintegration, deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of leptons on light nuclei. The procedure of the construction of the separable nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction is discussed. The BS formalism facilitates analysis of the role of the P-waves (negative energy components) in the electromagnetic properties of …
The deuteron electromagnetic form factors, $A(Q^2)$ and $B(Q^2)$, and the tensor polarization $T_{20}(Q^2)$, are unambiguously calculated within the front-form relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics, by using a novel current, built up from one-body terms, which fulfills Poincaré, parity and time reversal covariance, together with Hermiticity and the continuity equation. A simultaneous description of the experimental data for the three deuteron form factors is achieved up to $Q^2 < 0.4 (GeV/c)^2$. At higher momentum transfer, different nucleon-nucleon interactions strongly affect $A(Q^2)$, $B(Q^2)$,…
A constituent quark model based on the spectator formalism is applied to the gamma N -> N* transition for the three cases, where N* is the nucleon, the Delta and the Roper resonance. The model is covariant, and therefore can be used for the predictions at higher four-momentum transfer squared, Q2. The baryons are described as an off-mass-shell quark and a spectator on-mass-shell diquark systems. The quark electromagnetic current is described by quark form factors, which have a form inspired by the vector meson dominance. The valence quark contributions of the model are calibrated by lattice QC…
Point-form relativistic quantum mechanics is applied to elastic electron-deuteron scattering. The deuteron is modeled using relativistic interactions that are scattering-equivalent to the nonrelativistic Argonne $v_{18}$ and Reid '93 interactions. A point-form spectator approximation (PFSA) is introduced to define a conserved covariant current in terms of single-nucleon form factors. The PFSA is shown to provide an accurate description of data up to momentum transfers of 0.5 ${\rm GeV}^2$, but falls below the data at higher momentum transfers. Results are sensitive to the nucleon form factor p…
Within a covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach a rank-six separable neutron-proton interaction kernel for the triplet coupled $^3S_1$-$^3D_1$ partial-wave state is constructed. Two different methods of a relativistic generalization of initially nonrelativistic form factors parametrizing the kernel are considered. The model parameters are determined by fitting the elastic $^3S_1$ and $^3D_1$ phase shifts and the triplet scattering length as well as the asymptotic $D/S$ ratio of the deuteron wave functions and the deuteron binding energy. The $D$-state probability constraints 4-7\% are taken into ac…
The exclusive deuteron break-up reaction is analyzed within a covariant approach based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation with realistic meson-exchange interaction. Relativistic effects in the cross section, tensor analyzing power and polarization transfer are investigated in explicit form. Results of numerical calculations are presented for kinematical conditions in forthcoming p + D reactions at COSY.
We review the experimental information on the K^+d reaction for K-meson momenta below 800 MeV/c. The data are analysed within the single scattering impulse approximation -- utilizing the Juelich kaon-nucleon model -- that allows to take into account effects due to the Fermi motion of the nucleons in the deuteron and the final three-body kinematics for the break-up and charge exchange reaction. We discuss the consistency between the data available for the K^+d -> K^+np, K^+d -> K^0pp and K^+d -> K^+d reactions and the calculations based on the spectator model formalism.
The current and near-future neutrino oscillation experiments require significantly improved neutrino-nucleus reaction models. Neutrino-nucleon pion production data play a crucial role to validate corresponding elementary amplitudes that go into such neutrino-nucleus models. Thus the currently available data extracted from charged-current neutrino-deuteron reaction data ($ν_μd\to μ^-πNN$) must be corrected for nuclear effects such as the Fermi motion and final state interactions (FSI). We study $ν_μd\to μ^-πNN$ with a theoretical model including the impulse mechanism supplemented by FSI from $N…
In this work improvements to the application of the Gross equation to nuclear systems are tested. In particular we evaluate the two pion exchange diagrams, including the crossed-box diagram, using models developed within the spectator-on-mass-shell covariant formalism. We found that the form factors used in these models induce spurious contributions that violate the unitary cut requirement. We tested then some alternative form-factors in order to preserve the unitarity condition. With this new choice, the difference between the exact and the spectator-on-mass-shell amplitudes is of the order o…
Photo production of pions on the deuteron is studied in the spectator nucleon model. The Born terms of the elementary production amplitude are determined in pseudovector $π$N coupling and supplied with a form factor. The $Δ$ resonance is considered both in the $s$ and the $u$ channel. The parameters of the $Δ$ resonance and the cutoff of the form factors are fixed on the leading photoproduction multipoles. Results for total and differential cross sections are compared with experimental data. Particular attention is paid to the role of Pauli correlations of the final state nucleons in the quasi…
A covariant field theoretical approach to deep inelastic scattering on the deuteron is presented. The deuteron structure function is calculated in terms of the Bethe-Salpeter amplitude. Numerical calculations for the nucleon contribution are made with a realistic model of the $NN$-interaction, including $π$-, $ρ$-, $ω$-, $η$-, $δ$- and $σ$-mesons, and results are compared with previous non-relativistic calculations.
We report on a study of pi and eta decays of strange baryon resonances within relativistic constituent-quark models based on one-gluon-exchange and Goldstone-boson-exchange dynamics. The investigations are performed in the point form of Poincare-invariant relativistic quantum mechanics with a spectator-model decay operator. The covariant predictions of the constituent-quark models underestimate the experimental data in most cases. These findings are congruent with an earlier study of nonstrange baryon decays in the light-flavor sector. We also consider a nonrelativistic reduction of the point-…
The strength of final state interaction (FSI) between struck proton and spectator neutron in $^2\vec{H}(e,e'p)$ scattering depends on the alignment of the deuteron. We study the resulting FSI effects in the tensor analyzing power in detail and find substantial FSI effects starting at still low missing momentum $p_m \gsim 0.9 fm^{-1}$. At larger $p_m \gsim 1.5 fm^{-1}$, FSI completely dominates both missing momentum distribution and tensor analyzing power. We find that to a large extent FSI masks the sensitivity of the tensor analyzing power to models of the deuteron wave function. For the tran…
Within the multiple scattering formulation, the incoherent pion production in neutrino-deuteron reactions at energies near the $Δ(1232)$ resonance is investigated. The calculations include an impulse term and one-loop contributions from nucleon-nucleon ($NN$) and pion-nucleon ($πN$) final state interactions. The input amplitudes of $πN$ scattering and electroweak pion production reaction on nucleon are generated from a dynamical model which describes very extensive data of $πN$ scattering and both the electromagnetic and the weak pion production reactions on the nucleon. The $NN$ scattering am…
The spin-dependent structure function of the deuteron, g_1D, is calculated within a covariant framework. The off-shell structure of the bound nucleon gives corrections to the convolution model at a level of half a percent for x below 0.7, increasing to more than five percent at larger x. Overall, the dominant source of error comes from the lack of knowledge associated with the deuteron D-state, which may introduce an uncertainty in the neutron spin structure function, g_1n, extracted from deuterium data of up to ten percent for x around 0.2.
The LEPS and CLAS data of the incoherent photoproduction of $ϕ$ meson from deuteron at low energies are studied with a model for $ϕ$ meson photoproduction from nucleon consisting of Pomeron, $π$, and $η$ meson exchanges in the t-channel, and a postulated resonance, with parameters fitted to recent LEPS data on $ϕ$ production from proton near threshold. The resonance was introduced to explain an observed bump in the forward differential cross section. Within impulse approximation, we find that the Fermi motion, final state interaction, and the resonance excitation all give important contributio…
