Chronos: A NIR spectroscopic survey to target the most important phases of galaxy evolution across cosmic time
I. Ferreras, M. Cropper, R. Sharples, J. Bland-Hawthorn, G. Bruzual, S. Charlot, C. J. Conselice, S. Driver, J. Dunlop, A. M. Hopkins, S. Kaviraj, T. Kitching, … 展开作者
I. Ferreras, M. Cropper, R. Sharples, J. Bland-Hawthorn, G. Bruzual, S. Charlot, C. J. Conselice, S. Driver, J. Dunlop, A. M. Hopkins, S. Kaviraj, T. Kitching, F. La Barbera, O. Lahav, A. Pasquali, S. Serjeant, J. Silk, R. Windhorst
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24 pages, 14 figures. Submitted to ESA's Voyage 2050 call to shape the future space science programme. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1306.6333
(Abridged summary) Responding to ESA's Voyage 2050 call to define the long-term plan for the future space missions that will address the astrophysics science questions during the 2035-2050 cycle, we propose a dedicated, ultra-deep spectroscopic survey in the near infrared (NIR), that will target a mass-limited sample of galaxies during two of the most fundamental epochs of cosmic evolution: the formation of the first galaxies (at z>6; cosmic dawn), and at the peak of galaxy formation activity (between redshift z=1 and 3; cosmic noon). By way of NIR observations, it is possible to study the Lyman-alpha region in the former, and the optical rest-frame in the latter, allowing us to extract fundamental observables such as gas and stellar kinematics, chemical abundances, and ages, providing a unique legacy database covering these two crucial stages of cosmic evolution. A dedicated, space-based facility will overcome the challenges faced by ground-based telescopes, no matter how large the aperture, or the reduced field of view and low multiplex factor of the best space-based instrument in the near future, namely NIRSpec at the JWST. Our project (codename Chronos) aims to produce about 1 million high quality spectra, with a high S/N in the continuum, where information about the underlying stellar populations is encoded.
Chronos is our response to ESA's call for white papers to define the science for the future L2, L3 missions. Chronos targets the formation and evolution of galaxies, by collecting the deepest NIR spectroscopic data, from the formation of the first galaxies at z~10 to the peak of formation activity at z~1-3. The strong emission from the atmospheric background makes this type of survey impossible from a ground-based observatory. The spectra of galaxies represent the equivalent of a DNA fingerprint, containing information about the past history of star formation and chemical enrichment. The propo…
We present near infrared (NIR) IRTF/SpeX spectra of the intermediate-age galaxy M32 and the post-starburst galaxy NGC 5102. We show that features from thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) and main sequence turn-off (MSTO) stars yield similar ages to those derived from optical spectra. The TP-AGB can dominate the NIR flux of a coeval stellar population between ~0.1 and ~2 Gyr, and the strong features of (especially C-rich) TP-AGB stars are useful chronometers in integrated light studies. Likewise, the Paschen series in MSTO stars is stongly dependent on age and is an indicator of …
Dwarf galaxies provide insights on the processes of star formation and chemical enrichment at the low end of the galaxy mass function, as well as on the clustering of dark matter on small scales. In studies of Local Group dwarf galaxies, spectroscopic samples of individual stars are used to derive the internal kinematics and abundance properties of these galaxies. It is therefore important to clean these samples from Milky Way stars, not related to the dwarf galaxy, since they can contaminate the analysis of the properties of these objects. Here we introduce a new diagnostic for separating Mil…
StarHorse results for spectroscopic surveys + Gaia DR3: Chrono-chemical populations in the solar vicinity, the genuine thick disk, and young-alpha rich stars
The James Webb Space Telescope will provide observational capabilities that far exceed those of current ground- or space-based instrumentation. In particular, the NIRSpec instrument will take highly sensitive spectroscopic data for hundreds of objects simultaneously from 0.6-5.3 microns. Current photometric observations suggest a large and increasing number of faint (M_UV > -16) galaxies at high-redshift, with increasing evidence that galaxies at these redshifts have optical emission lines with extremely high equivalent widths. A simple model of their emission line fluxes and number density ev…
We describe the time-dependent properties of a new spectroscopically confirmed Mira variable, which was discovered in 2013 as MASTER-Net Optical Transient (OT) J212444.87+321738.3 towards the Cygnus constellation. We have performed long-term optical/near-infrared (NIR) photometric and spectroscopic observations to characterize the object. From the optical/NIR light curves, we estimate a variability period of 465 $\pm$ 30 days. The wavelength-dependent amplitudes of the observed light-curves range from $Δ$I$\sim$4 mag to $Δ$K$\sim$1.5 mag. The (J-K) color-index varies from 1.78 to 2.62 mag over…
Most bulge-dominated galaxies host black holes with masses that tightly correlate with the masses of their bulges. This may indicate that the black holes may regulate galaxy growth or vice versa, or that they may grow in lock-step. The quest to understand how, when, and where those black-holes formed motivates much of extragalactic astronomy. Here we focus on a population of galaxies with active black holes in their nuclei (active galactic nuclei or AGN), that are fully or partially hidden by dust and gas: the emission from the broad line region is either completely or partially obscured with …
We measured the equivalent width of a large set of near-infrared (NIR, 0.8--2.4$ \ μ$m) line-strength indices in the XShooter medium-resolution spectra of the central regions of 14 galaxies. We found that two aluminum indices Al at 1.31 $μ$m and Al1 at 1.67 $μ$m and the two CO indices CO1 at 1.56 $μ$m and CO4 at 1.64 $μ$m are tightly correlated with the velocity dispersion. Moreover, the NIR Al and CO1 indices show strong correlations with the optical Mg2 and Mgb indices, which are usually adopted as $α$/Fe-enhancement diagnostics. The molecular FeH1 index at 1.58 $μ$m tightly correlates with …
The period 2035-50 considered in the ESA Voyage long-term plan will coincide with a series of foreseeable advances in the characterization of the stellar content of the Milky Way. The Gaia mission, combined with large-scale spectroscopic surveys, is helping to build an unprecedented census in terms of the astrometric, kinematic and chemical properties of Galactic stellar populations. Within a decade, precise measurements of such properties will be available for hundreds of millions of stars. Meanwhile, time-domain surveys initiated with CoRoT and Kepler/K2 and carried on by space missions such…
Realizing the utility of Ly$α$ emission to trace the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the epoch of reionization requires deep spectroscopy across the boundary of optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectrographs at $z\sim7.2$ when Ly$α$ emission is at $\sim$1$μ$m. Our Texas Spectroscopic Search for Ly$α$ Emission at the End of Reionization includes 18 nights of deep spectroscopic observations using the Keck DEIMOS (optical) and MOSFIRE (NIR) spectrographs. Within this dataset we observe Ly$α$ emission from 183 photometric-redshift selected galaxies at $z =$ 5.5 - 8.3 from the Cos…
Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia Colour-Magnitude Diagram-fitting (ChronoGal). I. The formation and evolution of the thin disk from the Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars
We report the discovery of a buried, active supermassive black hole in SDSS J085153.64+392611.76, a bulgeless Seyfert 2 (Sy2) galaxy. Keck near-infrared observations reveal a hidden broad line region, allowing for the rare case where strong constraints can be placed on both the black hole mass and bulge component. Using virial mass estimators, we obtain a black hole mass of log($M_{\rm{BH}}/M_{\odot}$) = $6.78 \pm 0.50$. This is one of the only Sy2 AGN hosted in a bulgeless galaxy with a virial black hole mass estimate and could provide important constraints on the formation scenarios of the b…
I present an overview of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), a joint program of the JWST/NIRCam and NIRSpec Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) teams involving 950 hours of observation. We will target two well-studied fields with excellent supporting data (e.g., from HST-CANDELS): GOODS-North and South, including the Ultra Deep Field. The science goal of JADES is to chart galaxy evolution at z > 2, and potentially out to z > 10, using the rest-frame optical and near-IR though observations from $\approx$ 1 - 5 $μ$m. Multi-colour NIRCam imaging with 9 filters will enable photomet…
We present the results of near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the $K$-band selected candidate galaxies in the protocluster at $z=3.09$ in the SSA22 field. We observed 67 candidates with $K_{\rm AB}<24$ and confirmed redshifts of the 39 galaxies at $2.0< z_{\rm spec}< 3.4$. Of the 67 candidates, 24 are certainly protocluster members with $3.04\leq z_{\rm spec}\leq 3.12$, which are massive red galaxies those have been unidentified in previous optical observations of the SSA22 protocluster. Many distant red galaxies (DRGs; $J-K_{\rm AB}>1.4$), hyper extremely red objects (HEROs; $J-K_{\rm…
Pure Spectroscopic Constraints on UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History From 25 Galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$ Confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec
We report the multi-wavelength identification of the X-ray sources found in the Subaru-XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) using deep imaging data covering the wavelength range between the far-UV to the mid-IR. We select a primary counterpart of each X-ray source by applying the likelihood ratio method to R-band, 3.6micron, near-UV, and 24micron source catalogs as well as matching catalogs of AGN candidates selected in 1.4GHz radio and i'-band variability surveys. Once candidates of Galactic stars, ultra-luminous X-ray sources in a nearby galaxy, and clusters of galaxies are removed there are 896 AG…
We present SED modeling of a sample of 34 K-selected galaxies at z ~ 2.3. These galaxies have NIR spectroscopy that samples the rest-frame Balmer/4000A break as well as deep photometry in thirteen broadband filters. New to our analysis is IRAC data that extend the SEDs into the rest-frame NIR. Comparing parameters determined from SED fits with and without the IRAC data we find that the IRAC photometry significantly improves the confidence intervals of Tau, A_v, stellar mass, and SFR for individual galaxies, but does not systematically alter the mean parameters of the sample. We use the IRAC da…
Slitless Areal Pure-Parallel HIgh-Redshift Emission Survey (SAPPHIRES): Early Data Release of Deep JWST/NIRCam Images and Spectra in MACS J0416 Parallel Field
JADES NIRSpec Initial Data Release for the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Redshifts and Line Fluxes of Distant Galaxies from the Deepest JWST Cycle 1 NIRSpec Multi-Object Spectroscopy
We analyze the stellar ages obtained from a combination of Lick indices in Borghi et al. for 140 massive and passive galaxies selected in the LEGA-C survey at $0.6<z<0.9$. From their median age--redshift relation, we derive a new direct measurement of $H(z)$ without any cosmological model assumption using the cosmic chronometer approach. We thoroughly study the main systematics involved in this analysis: the choice of the Lick indices combination, the binning method, the assumed stellar population model, and the adopted star formation history; these effects are included in the total error budg…
We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy cluster at $z=2.095$ in the COSMOS field. This galaxy cluster was first reported in the ZFOURGE survey as harboring evolved massive galaxies using photometric redshifts derived with deep near-infrared (NIR) medium-band filters. We obtain medium resolution ($R \sim$ 3600) NIR spectroscopy with MOSFIRE on the Keck 1 telescope and secure 180 redshifts in a $12'\times12'$ region. We find a prominent spike of 57 galaxies at $z=2.095$ corresponding to the galaxy cluster. The cluster velocity dispersion is measured to be $σ_{\rm v1D}$ = 552 $\pm$ …
The SPHEREx Instrument: Calibration, testing and performance measurements of the NIR spectroscopic surveyor from the laboratory to in-orbit commissioning
California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）
Interstellar dust extinction curves provide valuable information about dust properties, including the composition and size of the dust grains, and are essential to correct observations for the effects of interstellar dust. In this work, we measure a representative sample of near-infrared (NIR; 0.8-5.5 $μ$m) spectroscopic extinction curves for the first time, enabling us to investigate the extinction at wavelengths where it is usually only measured in broad photometric bands. We use IRTF/SpeX spectra of a sample of reddened and comparison stars to measure 15 extinction curves with the pair meth…
We provide a comprehensive census of the near-Infrared (NIR, 0.8-2.4 $μ$m) spectroscopic properties of 102 nearby (z < 0.075) active galactic nuclei (AGN), selected in the hard X-ray band (14-195 keV) from the Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) survey. With the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope this regime is of increasing importance for dusty and obscured AGN surveys. We measure black hole masses in 68% (69/102) of the sample using broad emission lines (34/102) and/or the velocity dispersion of the Ca II triplet or the CO band-heads (46/102). We find that emission line diagnostics in th…
Abridged. The bright-rimmed cloud IC1396N hosts CO, H$_2$, and Herbig-Haro outflows powered by millimetre compact sources. We aim to characterise the kinematics and physical conditions of the H$_2$ emission features spread over IC1396N, which appear as chains of knots with a jet-like morphology, tracing different H$_2$ outflows, and to obtain further information about (and an identification of) the driving sources. Low-resolution, long-slit near-infrared spectra were acquired with NICS at the TNG, using grisms KB (R~1200), HK and JH (R~500). Several slit pointings and PA were used throughout I…
Young Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) are where we can observe closely the supernova (SN) ejecta and its interaction with circumstellar/interstellar medium. Therefore, they provide an opportunity to explore the explosion and the final stage of the evolution of massive stars. Near-infrared (NIR) emission lines in SNRs mostly originate from shocked dense material. In shocked SN ejecta, forbidden lines from heavy ions are prominent, while in shocked circumstellar/interstellar medium, [Fe II] and H2 lines are prominent. [Fe II] lines are strong in both media, and therefore [Fe II] line images p…
Spectroscopic confirmation of a large and luminous galaxy with weak emission lines at $\mathbf{z = 13.53}$
NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory（美国国家光学-红外天文研究实验室）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天体物理研究所）；Center for Space Sciences and Technology, UMBC（马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校空间科学与技术中心）；Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（NASA戈达德太空飞行中心天体物理学部）；Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系）；Cosmic Frontier Center, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校宇宙前沿中心）
JWST CAPERS: Spectroscopic evaluation of very high redshift galaxy candidates
NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory（美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；INAF - Observatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；Center for Space Sciences and Technology, UMBC（马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校太空科学与技术中心）；Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（NASA戈达德太空飞行中心天体物理学科学部）；Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系）；Cosmic Frontier Center, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校宇宙前沿中心）；Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学天体物理学科学系）；Armagh Observatory and Planetarium（阿马赫天文台和天文馆）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天文学研究所）
This paper presents a spectral survey of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in the NIR range, from 0.9 to 2.5 micron. The observations were designed to detect new DIBs, confirm previously proposed NIR DIBs, and characterise their behaviour with respect to known line-of-sight properties (including the optical DIBs present in our spectra). X-shooter at the VLT was used to obtained medium-resolution spectra of eight known DIB targets and one telluric reference star. In addition to the known 9577, 9632, 10780, 11797, and 13175 Angstroms NIR DIBs, we confirm 9 out of the 13 NIR DIBs that were presen…
Whether the near-infrared (NIR) extinction law is universal has been a long debated topic. Based on the APOGEE H-band spectroscopic survey as a key project of SDSS-III, the intrinsic colors of a large number of giant stars are accurately determined from the stellar effective temperature. Taking this advantage and using a sample of 5942 K-type giants, the NIR extinction law is carefully re-visited. The color excess ratio E(J-H)/E(J-Ks), representative of the NIR extinction law, shows no dependence on the color excess when E(J-Ks) changes from ~0.3 to ~4.0, which implies a universal NIR extincti…
We present observations collected in the CFHTLS-VIPERS region in the ultraviolet (UV) with the GALEX satellite (far and near UV channels) and the near infrared with the CFHT/WIRCam camera ($K_s$-band) over an area of 22 and 27 deg$^2$, respectively. The depth of the photometry was optimized to measure the physical properties (e.g., SFR, stellar masses) of all the galaxies in the VIPERS spectroscopic survey. The large volume explored by VIPERS will enable a unique investigation of the relationship between the galaxy properties and their environment (density field and cosmic web) at high redshif…
Cosmography with DESI-DR1 Cosmic Chronometers: Direct H(z) measurements from Luminous Red Galaxy ages
Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)（国际高等研究院）；Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo（奥维耶多大学理学院）；Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IFPU)（宇宙基础物理研究所）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”–Università di Bologna（博洛尼塔大学物理与天文学系）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（博洛尼亚天文物理与空间科学国家研究所）；IRA-INAF（意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台）；Universitat Heidelberg, Zentrum fur Astronomie, Institut fur theoretische Astrophysik（海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所）
Understanding the properties of dwarf galaxies is important not only to put them in their proper cosmological context, but also to understand the formation and evolution of the most common type of galaxies. Dwarf galaxies are divided into two main classes, dwarf irregulars (dIrrs) and dwarf spheroidals (dSphs), which differ from each other mainly because the former are gas-rich objects currently forming stars, while the latter are gas-deficient with no on-going star formation. Transition types (dT) are thought to represent dIs in the process of losing their gas, and can therefore shed light in…
Medium-band Astrophysics with the Grism of NIRCam In Frontier fields (MAGNIF): Spectroscopic Census of H$α$ Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation at $z\sim 4.5$ and 6.3
Cepheid Metallicity in the Leavitt Law (C-MetaLL) survey: IX. Metallicity dependence of Period-Wesenheit relations based on a homogeneous spectroscopic sample
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）；INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡塔尼亚天文台）；Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA)（大学间天文学与天体物理学中心）；INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利国家天体物理研究所空间科学与天体物理观测站）
Context: Microquasars are accreting Galactic sources that are also observed to launch relativistic jets. A key signature of the ejection is non-thermal radio emission. The level of this jet component at high frequencies is still poorly constrained. Aims: The X-ray binary and microquasar black hole candidate XTE J1550-564 exhibited a faint X-ray outburst in April 2003 during which it stayed in the X-ray low/hard state. We took optical and near-infrared (NIR) observations with the ESO/NTT telescope during this outburst to disentangle the various contributions to the spectral energy distribution …
We present near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic and photometric observations of the nearby Type Ia SN 2014J. The seventeen NIR spectra span epochs from +15.3 to +92.5 days after $B$-band maximum light, while the $JHK_s$ photometry include epochs from $-$10 to +71 days. This data is used to constrain the progenitor system of SN 2014J utilizing the Pa$β$ line, following recent suggestions that this phase period and the NIR in particular are excellent for constraining the amount of swept up hydrogen-rich material associated with a non-degenerate companion star. We find no evidence for Pa$β$ emission…
Towards Bayesian Photometric Cosmic Chronometers: Application to VIPERS
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)（空间科学研究所）；Institut d´Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院）；Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation (ICG), University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学宇宙学与引力研究所）；Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University（清华大学天文系）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)（加那利天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)（拉古纳大学）；European Space Agency (ESA)（欧洲航天局）；European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)（欧洲空间天文中心）
