Relation extraction aims to extract relational facts from sentences. Previous models mainly rely on manually labeled datasets, seed instances or human-crafted patterns, and distant supervision. However, the human annotation is expensive, while human-crafted patterns suffer from semantic drift and distant supervision samples are usually noisy. Domain adaptation methods enable leveraging labeled data from a different but related domain. However, different domains usually have various textual relation descriptions and different label space (the source label space is usually a superset of the target label space). To solve these problems, we propose a novel model of relation-gated adversarial learning for relation extraction, which extends the adversarial based domain adaptation. Experimental results have shown that the proposed approach outperforms previous domain adaptation methods regarding partial domain adaptation and can improve the accuracy of distance supervised relation extraction through fine-tuning.
Event Extraction plays an important role in information-extraction to understand the world. Event extraction could be split into two subtasks: one is event trigger extraction, the other is event arguments extraction. However, the F-Score of event arguments extraction is much lower than that of event trigger extraction, i.e. in the most recent work, event trigger extraction achieves 80.7%, while event arguments extraction achieves only 58%. In pipelined structures, the difficulty of event arguments extraction lies in its lack of classification feature, and the much higher computation consumptio…
University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）
Relation extraction models suffer from limited qualified training data. Using human annotators to label sentences is too expensive and does not scale well especially when dealing with large datasets. In this paper, we use Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Networks (AC-GANs) to generate high-quality relational sentences and to improve the performance of relation classifier in end-to-end models. In AC-GAN, the discriminator gives not only a probability distribution over the real source, but also a probability distribution over the relation labels. This helps to generate meaningful rela…
Department of Computer and Information Science University of Delaware（特拉华大学计算机与信息科学系）
Adversarial training is a technique of improving model performance by involving adversarial examples in the training process. In this paper, we investigate adversarial training with multiple adversarial examples to benefit the relation extraction task. We also apply adversarial training technique in semi-supervised scenarios to utilize unlabeled data. The evaluation results on protein-protein interaction and protein subcellular localization task illustrate adversarial training provides improvement on the supervised model, and is also effective on involving unlabeled data in the semi-supervised…
Dual-Gated Fusion with Prefix-Tuning for Multi-Modal Relation Extraction
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing（北京大数据与脑计算高精尖创新中心）；The University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）
Distant supervision has been widely used for relation extraction but suffers from noise labeling problem. Neural network models are proposed to denoise with attention mechanism but cannot eliminate noisy data due to its non-zero weights. Hard decision is proposed to remove wrongly-labeled instances from the positive set though causes loss of useful information contained in removed instances. In this paper, we propose a novel generative neural framework named RDSGAN (Rank-based Distant Supervision GAN) which automatically generates valid instances for distant supervision relation extraction. Ou…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；AZFT Joint Lab for Knowledge Engine（AZFT知识引擎联合实验室）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）
Recent neural-based relation extraction approaches, though achieving promising improvement on benchmark datasets, have reported their vulnerability towards adversarial attacks. Thus far, efforts mostly focused on generating adversarial samples or defending adversarial attacks, but little is known about the difference between normal and adversarial samples. In this work, we take the first step to leverage the salience-based method to analyze those adversarial samples. We observe that salience tokens have a direct correlation with adversarial perturbations. We further find the adversarial pertur…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Capital Normal University（首都师范大学）
Existing neural relation extraction (NRE) models rely on distant supervision and suffer from wrong labeling problems. In this paper, we propose a novel adversarial training mechanism over instances for relation extraction to alleviate the noise issue. As compared with previous denoising methods, our proposed method can better discriminate those informative instances from noisy ones. Our method is also efficient and flexible to be applied to various NRE architectures. As shown in the experiments on a large-scale benchmark dataset in relation extraction, our denoising method can effectively filt…
Ghent University（根特大学）；imec（比利时微电子研究中心）；IDLab（ID实验室）；Department of Information Technology（信息技术系）
Adversarial training (AT) is a regularization method that can be used to improve the robustness of neural network methods by adding small perturbations in the training data. We show how to use AT for the tasks of entity recognition and relation extraction. In particular, we demonstrate that applying AT to a general purpose baseline model for jointly extracting entities and relations, allows improving the state-of-the-art effectiveness on several datasets in different contexts (i.e., news, biomedical, and real estate data) and for different languages (English and Dutch).
We propose a new method for event extraction (EE) task based on an imitation learning framework, specifically, inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) via generative adversarial network (GAN). The GAN estimates proper rewards according to the difference between the actions committed by the expert (or ground truth) and the agent among complicated states in the environment. EE task benefits from these dynamic rewards because instances and labels yield to various extents of difficulty and the gains are expected to be diverse -- e.g., an ambiguous but correctly detected trigger or argument should rec…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加利福尼亚大学圣巴巴拉分校）
Distant supervision can effectively label data for relation extraction, but suffers from the noise labeling problem. Recent works mainly perform soft bag-level noise reduction strategies to find the relatively better samples in a sentence bag, which is suboptimal compared with making a hard decision of false positive samples in sentence level. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial learning framework, which we named DSGAN, to learn a sentence-level true-positive generator. Inspired by Generative Adversarial Networks, we regard the positive samples generated by the generator as the negative…
Northeastern University（东北大学）；Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)（三菱电机研究实验室（MERL））
Recent developments in biosignal processing have enabled users to exploit their physiological status for manipulating devices in a reliable and safe manner. One major challenge of physiological sensing lies in the variability of biosignals across different users and tasks. To address this issue, we propose an adversarial feature extractor for transfer learning to exploit disentangled universal representations. We consider the trade-off between task-relevant features and user-discriminative information by introducing additional adversary and nuisance networks in order to manipulate the latent r…
Southeast University（东南大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）
To extract the structured representations of open-domain events, Bayesian graphical models have made some progress. However, these approaches typically assume that all words in a document are generated from a single event. While this may be true for short text such as tweets, such an assumption does not generally hold for long text such as news articles. Moreover, Bayesian graphical models often rely on Gibbs sampling for parameter inference which may take long time to converge. To address these limitations, we propose an event extraction model based on Generative Adversarial Nets, called Adve…
RanAT4BIE: Random Adversarial Training for Biomedical Information Extraction
Department of Data Science and Big Data Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China（数据科学与大数据技术学院，海南大学，海口570228，中国）；Department of Mathematics, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China（数学学院，海南大学，海口570228，中国）
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；iFLYTEK Research（讯飞研究院）
With recent advances in distantly supervised (DS) relation extraction (RE), considerable attention is attracted to leverage multi-instance learning (MIL) to distill high-quality supervision from the noisy DS. Here, we go beyond label noise and identify the key bottleneck of DS-MIL to be its low data utilization: as high-quality supervision being refined by MIL, MIL abandons a large amount of training instances, which leads to a low data utilization and hinders model training from having abundant supervision. In this paper, we propose collaborative adversarial training to improve the data utili…
State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University（南京大学计算机软件新技术国家重点实验室）；National Institute of Healthcare Data Science, Nanjing University（南京大学健康医疗大数据国家研究院）
Distantly supervised relation extraction (RE) automatically aligns unstructured text with relation instances in a knowledge base (KB). Due to the incompleteness of current KBs, sentences implying certain relations may be annotated as N/A instances, which causes the so-called false negative (FN) problem. Current RE methods usually overlook this problem, inducing improper biases in both training and testing procedures. To address this issue, we propose a two-stage approach. First, it finds out possible FN samples by heuristically leveraging the memory mechanism of deep neural networks. Then, it …
Continual relation extraction (CRE) aims to continually learn new relations from a class-incremental data stream. CRE model usually suffers from catastrophic forgetting problem, i.e., the performance of old relations seriously degrades when the model learns new relations. Most previous work attributes catastrophic forgetting to the corruption of the learned representations as new relations come, with an implicit assumption that the CRE models have adequately learned the old relations. In this paper, through empirical studies we argue that this assumption may not hold, and an important reason f…
Indian Institute of Science（印度科学研究所）；University of British Columbia（英属哥伦比亚大学）
Relation extraction is the problem of classifying the relationship between two entities in a given sentence. Distant Supervision (DS) is a popular technique for developing relation extractors starting with limited supervision. We note that most of the sentences in the distant supervision relation extraction setting are very long and may benefit from word attention for better sentence representation. Our contributions in this paper are threefold. Firstly, we propose two novel word attention models for distantly- supervised relation extraction: (1) a Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) …
Multimodal named entity recognition and relation extraction (MNER and MRE) is a fundamental and crucial branch in information extraction. However, existing approaches for MNER and MRE usually suffer from error sensitivity when irrelevant object images incorporated in texts. To deal with these issues, we propose a novel Hierarchical Visual Prefix fusion NeTwork (HVPNeT) for visual-enhanced entity and relation extraction, aiming to achieve more effective and robust performance. Specifically, we regard visual representation as pluggable visual prefix to guide the textual representation for error …
Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) has been proposed to improve Knowledge Graphs by filling in missing connections via link prediction or relation extraction. One of the main difficulties for KGC is a low resource problem. Previous approaches assume sufficient training triples to learn versatile vectors for entities and relations, or a satisfactory number of labeled sentences to train a competent relation extraction model. However, low resource relations are very common in KGs, and those newly added relations often do not have many known samples for training. In this work, we aim at predicting n…
Ludwig Maxilian University of Munich（慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）
In this work, we introduce the task of Open-Type Relation Argument Extraction (ORAE): Given a corpus, a query entity Q and a knowledge base relation (e.g.,"Q authored notable work with title X"), the model has to extract an argument of non-standard entity type (entities that cannot be extracted by a standard named entity tagger, e.g. X: the title of a book or a work of art) from the corpus. A distantly supervised dataset based on WikiData relations is obtained and released to address the task. We develop and compare a wide range of neural models for this task yielding large improvements over a…
Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院电子学研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a challenging task that extracts named entities from unstructured text data, including news, articles, social comments, etc. The NER system has been studied for decades. Recently, the development of Deep Neural Networks and the progress of pre-trained word embedding have become a driving force for NER. Under such circumstances, how to make full use of the information extracted by word embedding requires more in-depth research. In this paper, we propose an Adversarial Trained LSTM-CNN (ASTRAL) system to improve the current NER method from both the model structu…
Entity extraction is a key technology for obtaining information from massive texts in natural language processing. The further interaction between them does not meet the standards of human reading comprehension, thus limiting the understanding of the model, and also the omission or misjudgment of the answer (ie the target entity) due to the reasoning question. An effective MRC-based entity extraction model-MRC-I2DP, which uses the proposed gated attention-attracting mechanism to adjust the restoration of each part of the text pair, creating problems and thinking for multi-level interactive att…
To minimize the accelerating amount of time invested in the biomedical literature search, numerous approaches for automated knowledge extraction have been proposed. Relation extraction is one such task where semantic relations between the entities are identified from the free text. In the biomedical domain, extraction of regulatory pathways, metabolic processes, adverse drug reaction or disease models necessitates knowledge from the individual relations, for example, physical or regulatory interactions between genes, proteins, drugs, chemical, disease or phenotype. In this paper, we study the …
School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学外国语学院）；School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学数学科学学院）
Background: Automatic extraction of chemical-disease relations (CDR) from unstructured text is of essential importance for disease treatment and drug development. Meanwhile, biomedical experts have built many highly-structured knowledge bases (KBs), which contain prior knowledge about chemicals and diseases. Prior knowledge provides strong support for CDR extraction. How to make full use of it is worth studying. Results: This paper proposes a novel model called "Knowledge-guided Convolutional Networks (KCN)" to leverage prior knowledge for CDR extraction. The proposed model first learns knowle…
The introduction of Transformer model has led to tremendous advancements in sequence modeling, especially in text domain. However, the use of attention-based models for video understanding is still relatively unexplored. In this paper, we introduce Gated Adversarial Transformer (GAT) to enhance the applicability of attention-based models to videos. GAT uses a multi-level attention gate to model the relevance of a frame based on local and global contexts. This enables the model to understand the video at various granularities. Further, GAT uses adversarial training to improve model generalizati…
University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；National Library of Medicine（美国国家医学图书馆）
Preventable adverse events as a result of medical errors present a growing concern in the healthcare system. As drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may lead to preventable adverse events, being able to extract DDIs from drug labels into a machine-processable form is an important step toward effective dissemination of drug safety information. In this study, we tackle the problem of jointly extracting drugs and their interactions, including interaction outcome, from drug labels. Our deep learning approach entails composing various intermediate representations including sequence and graph based context…
University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；UNC Charlotte（北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校）
The diversity of retinal imaging devices poses a significant challenge: domain shift, which leads to performance degradation when applying the deep learning models trained on one domain to new testing domains. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale input along with multiple domain adaptors applied hierarchically in both feature and output spaces. The proposed training strategy and novel unsupervised domain adaptation framework, called Collaborative Adversarial Domain Adaptation (CADA), can effectively overcome the challenge. Multi-scale inputs can reduce the information loss due to the poolin…
Adversarial attacks have rendered high security risks on modern deep learning systems. Adversarial training can significantly enhance the robustness of neural network models by suppressing the non-robust features. However, the models often suffer from significant accuracy loss on clean data. Ensemble training methods have emerged as promising solutions for defending against adversarial attacks by diversifying the vulnerabilities among the sub-models, simultaneously maintaining comparable accuracy as standard training. However, existing ensemble methods are with poor scalability, owing to the r…
Along with the advent of deep neural networks came various methods of exploitation, such as fooling the classifier or contaminating its training data. Another such attack is known as model extraction, where provided API access to some black box neural network, the adversary extracts the underlying model. This is done by querying the model in such a way that the underlying neural network provides enough information to the adversary to be reconstructed. While several works have achieved impressive results with neural network extraction in the propositional domain, this problem has not yet been c…
A Detection-Gated Pipeline for Robust Glottal Area Waveform Extraction and Clinical Pathology Assessment
Orchard Robotics；Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences（语音、语言和听力科学系）；Indiana University（印第安纳大学）；Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery（耳鼻喉科-头颈外科系）；Indiana University School of Medicine（印第安纳大学医学院）
Adversarial extraction attacks constitute an insidious threat against Deep Learning (DL) models in-which an adversary aims to steal the architecture, parameters, and hyper-parameters of a targeted DL model. Existing extraction attack literature have observed varying levels of attack success for different DL models and datasets, yet the underlying cause(s) behind their susceptibility often remain unclear, and would help facilitate creating secure DL systems. In this paper we present PINCH: an efficient and automated extraction attack framework capable of designing, deploying, and analyzing extr…
Model extraction attacks aim to duplicate a machine learning model through query access to a target model. Early studies mainly focus on discriminative models. Despite the success, model extraction attacks against generative models are less well explored. In this paper, we systematically study the feasibility of model extraction attacks against generative adversarial networks (GANs). Specifically, we first define accuracy and fidelity on model extraction attacks against GANs. Then we study model extraction attacks against GANs from the perspective of accuracy extraction and fidelity extraction…
Recent attacks on Machine Learning (ML) models such as evasion attacks with adversarial examples and models stealing through extraction attacks pose several security and privacy threats. Prior work proposes to use adversarial training to secure models from adversarial examples that can evade the classification of a model and deteriorate its performance. However, this protection technique affects the model's decision boundary and its prediction probabilities, hence it might raise model privacy risks. In fact, a malicious user using only a query access to the prediction output of a model can ext…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）
Recently, researchers have started decomposing deep neural network models according to their semantics or functions. Recent work has shown the effectiveness of decomposed functional blocks for defending adversarial attacks, which add small input perturbation to the input image to fool the DNN models. This work proposes a profiling-based method to decompose the DNN models to different functional blocks, which lead to the effective path as a new approach to exploring DNNs' internal organization. Specifically, the per-image effective path can be aggregated to the class-level effective path, throu…
KIST Europe（韩国科学技术研究院欧洲分院）；German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心）；Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH（韩国科学技术研究院欧洲研究有限公司）
Bearing is a key component in industrial machinery and its failure may lead to unwanted downtime and economic loss. Hence, it is necessary to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of bearings. Conventional data-driven approaches of RUL prediction require expert domain knowledge for manual feature extraction and may suffer from data distribution discrepancy between training and test data. In this study, we propose a novel generalized multiscale feature extraction method with generative adversarial networks. The adversarial training learns the distribution of training data from different beari…
Zeg.AI Ltd（Zeg人工智能有限公司）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
In this paper we present our solution to extract albedo of branded labels for e-commerce products. To this end, we generate a large-scale photo-realistic synthetic data set for albedo extraction followed by training a generative model to translate images with diverse lighting conditions to albedo. We performed an extensive evaluation to test the generalisation of our method to in-the-wild images. From the experimental results, we observe that our solution generalises well compared to the existing method both in the unseen rendered images as well as in the wild image.
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）
The verification problem for neural networks is verifying whether a neural network will suffer from adversarial samples, or approximating the maximal allowed scale of adversarial perturbation that can be endured. While most prior work contributes to verifying feed-forward networks, little has been explored for verifying recurrent networks. This is due to the existence of a more rigorous constraint on the perturbation space for sequential data, and the lack of a proper metric for measuring the perturbation. In this work, we address these challenges by proposing a metric which measures the dista…
NEC Laboratories Europe（欧洲 NEC 实验室）；UiT - The Arctic University of Norway（挪威北极大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）
Deep neural networks suffer from poor generalization to unseen environments when the underlying data distribution is different from that in the training set. By learning minimum sufficient representations from training data, the information bottleneck (IB) approach has demonstrated its effectiveness to improve generalization in different AI applications. In this work, we propose a new neural network-based IB approach, termed gated information bottleneck (GIB), that dynamically drops spurious correlations and progressively selects the most task-relevant features across different environments by…
The estimation of sparse hierarchical components reflecting patterns of the brain's functional connectivity from rsfMRI data can contribute to our understanding of the brain's functional organization, and can lead to biomarkers of diseases. However, inter-scanner variations and other confounding factors pose a challenge to the robust and reproducible estimation of functionally-interpretable brain networks, and especially to reproducible biomarkers. Moreover, the brain is believed to be organized hierarchically, and hence single-scale decompositions miss this hierarchy. The paper aims to use cu…
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have gained significant popularity in the last decade for solving narrow AI problems in domains such as healthcare, transportation, and defense. As ANNs become more ubiquitous, it is imperative to understand their associated safety, security, and privacy vulnerabilities. Recently, it has been shown that ANNs are susceptible to a number of adversarial evasion attacks--inputs that cause the ANN to make high-confidence misclassifications despite being almost indistinguishable from the data used to train and test the network. This work explores to what degree find…
This work addresses an alternative approach for query expansion (QE) using a generative adversarial network (GAN) to enhance the effectiveness of information search in e-commerce. We propose a modified QE conditional GAN (mQE-CGAN) framework, which resolves keywords by expanding the query with a synthetically generated query that proposes semantic information from text input. We train a sequence-to-sequence transformer model as the generator to produce keywords and use a recurrent neural network model as the discriminator to classify an adversarial output with the generator. With the modified …
German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心 (DFKI)）；TU Kaiserslautern（凯泽斯劳滕工业大学）
User dependence remains one of the most difficult general problems in Human Activity Recognition (HAR), in particular when using wearable sensors. This is due to the huge variability of the way different people execute even the simplest actions. In addition, detailed sensor fixtures and placement will be different for different people or even at different times for the same users. In theory, the problem can be solved by a large enough data set. However, recording data sets that capture the entire diversity of complex activity sets is seldom practicable. Instead, models are needed that focus on…
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University（同济大学计算机科学与技术系）；Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education（教育部嵌入式系统与服务计算重点实验室）；Tongji University（同济大学）
Cross-domain sentiment classification (CDSC) is an importance task in domain adaptation and sentiment classification. Due to the domain discrepancy, a sentiment classifier trained on source domain data may not works well on target domain data. In recent years, many researchers have used deep neural network models for cross-domain sentiment classification task, many of which use Gradient Reversal Layer (GRL) to design an adversarial network structure to train a domain-shared sentiment classifier. Different from those methods, we proposed Hierarchical Attention Generative Adversarial Networks (H…
The state of the art in music source separation employs neural networks trained in a supervised fashion on multi-track databases to estimate the sources from a given mixture. With only few datasets available, often extensive data augmentation is used to combat overfitting. Mixing random tracks, however, can even reduce separation performance as instruments in real music are strongly correlated. The key concept in our approach is that source estimates of an optimal separator should be indistinguishable from real source signals. Based on this idea, we drive the separator towards outputs deemed a…
This paper investigates a class of attacks targeting the confidentiality aspect of security in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) policies. Recent research have established the vulnerability of supervised machine learning models (e.g., classifiers) to model extraction attacks. Such attacks leverage the loosely-restricted ability of the attacker to iteratively query the model for labels, thereby allowing for the forging of a labeled dataset which can be used to train a replica of the original model. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of exploiting imitation learning techniques in launc…
Multivariate time series (MTS) regression tasks are common in many real-world data mining applications including finance, cybersecurity, energy, healthcare, prognostics, and many others. Due to the tremendous success of deep learning (DL) algorithms in various domains including image recognition and computer vision, researchers started adopting these techniques for solving MTS data mining problems, many of which are targeted for safety-critical and cost-critical applications. Unfortunately, DL algorithms are known for their susceptibility to adversarial examples which also makes the DL regress…
In this paper we propose a novel dual adversarial co-learning approach for multi-domain text classification (MDTC). The approach learns shared-private networks for feature extraction and deploys dual adversarial regularizations to align features across different domains and between labeled and unlabeled data simultaneously under a discrepancy based co-learning framework, aiming to improve the classifiers' generalization capacity with the learned features. We conduct experiments on multi-domain sentiment classification datasets. The results show the proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-a…
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been successfully applied in several research domains such as robot navigation and automated video game playing. However, these methods require excessive computation and interaction with the environment, so enhancements on sample efficiency are required. The main reason for this requirement is that sparse and delayed rewards do not provide an effective supervision for representation learning of deep neural networks. In this study, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm is augmented with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to increase the sample ef…
National Institute of Standards and Technology（国家标准与技术研究院）；Rice University（莱斯大学）；Colorado State University（科罗拉多州立大学）；National Research Institute for Metals（金属材料研究所）
Semantic segmentation models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained much attention in relation to remote sensing and have achieved remarkable performance for the extraction of buildings from high-resolution aerial images. However, the issue of limited generalization for unseen images remains. When there is a domain gap between the training and test datasets, CNN-based segmentation models trained by a training dataset fail to segment buildings for the test dataset. In this paper, we propose segmentation networks based on a domain adaptive transfer attack (DATA) scheme for bui…
