The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, which instruments 1$\,$km$^3$ of clear ice at the geographic South Pole, was mainly designed to detect particles with energies in the multi-GeV to PeV range. Due to ice temperatures between $-20^\circ$C to $-43^\circ$C and the low radioactivity of the ice, the dark noise rates of the 5160 photomultiplier tubes forming the IceCube lattice are of order 500 Hz, which is particularly low for 10 inch photomultipliers. Therefore, IceCube can extend its searches to bursts of $\mathcal{O}$(10$\,$MeV) neutrinos lasting several seconds, which are expected to be produced by Galactic core collapse supernovae. By observing a uniform rise in all photomultiplier rates, IceCube can provide a particularly high statistical precision for the neutrino rate from supernovae in the inner part of our Galaxy ($<$ 20 kpc). In this paper, the tools and the method to study potential obscured or failed core collapse supernovae in our Galaxy are presented. The analysis will be based on 3911 days of IceCube data taken between April 17, 2008 and December 31, 2018.
IceCube is a cubic kilometer neutrino detector array in the Antarctic ice that was designed to search for astrophysical, high-energy neutrinos. It has detected a diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos that appears to be of extragalactic origin. A possible contribution to this diffuse flux could stem from core-collapse supernovae. The high-energy neutrinos could either come from the interaction of the ejecta with a dense circumstellar medium or a jet, emanating from the star's core, that stalls in the star's envelope. Here, we will present results of a stacking analysis to search for this high…
Since 1997 the neutrino telescope AMANDA at the geographic South Pole has been monitoring our Galaxy for neutrino bursts from supernovae. Triggers were introduced in 2004 to submit burst candidates to the Supernova Early Warning System SNEWS. From 2007 the burst search was extended to the much larger IceCube telescope, which now supersedes AMANDA. By exploiting the low photomultiplier noise in the antarctic ice (on average 280Hz for IceCube), neutrino bursts from nearby supernovae can be identified by the induced collective rise in the pulse rates. Although only a counting experiment, IceCube …
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is highly sensitive to neutrino bursts of $\mathcal{O}$(10) MeV energy that are would be generated by core collapse supernovae in our Galaxy. It will resolve temporal structures in supernova light curves particularly well. In the light of an improved understanding of the ice properties and the detector response, the effective area and the corresponding uncertainties were newly determined with a Geant4-based Monte Carlo. Uncertainties due to cross sections and oscillation effects in the Earth were also investigated. This analysis has been extended by simulating …
It is shown that high-energy astrophysical neutrinos observed in the IceCube experiment can be produced by protons accelerated in extragalactic Type IIn supernova remnants by shocks propagating in the dense circumstellar medium. The nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration model is used for description of particle acceleration. We calculate the neutrino spectrum produced by an individual Type IIn supernova and the spectrum of neutrino background produced by IIn supernovae in the expanding Universe. We also found that the arrival direction of one Icecube neutrino candidate (track event 47) is at …
We investigate whether the recent ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino events detected at the IceCube neutrino observatory could come from the decay of charmed mesons produced within the mildly relativistic jets of supernova-like astrophysical sources. We demonstrate that the $5.7σ$ excess of neutrinos observed by IceCube in the energy range 30 TeV--2 PeV can be explained by a diffuse flux of neutrinos produced in such slow-jet supernovae, using the values of astrophysical and QCD parameters within the theoretical uncertainties associated with neutrino production from charmed meson decay in astrop…
Different types of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) have been considered as candidate sources of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. Stripped-envelope SNe, including energetic events like hypernovae and super-luminous SNe, are of particular interest. They may harbor relativistic jets, which are capable of explaining the diversity among gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), low-luminosity GRBs, ultra-long GRBs, and broadline Type Ib/c SNe. Using the six-year IceCube data on high-energy starting events (HESEs), we perform an unbinned maximum likelihood analysis to search for spatial and temporal coincidences with 22…
The IceCube neutrino telescope monitors one cubic kilometer of deep Antarctic ice by detecting Cherenkov photons emitted from charged secondaries produced when neutrinos interact in the ice. The geometry of the detector, which comprises a lattice of 5160 photomultipliers, is optimized for the detection of neutrinos above 100 GeV. However, at subfreezing ice temperatures, dark noise rates are low enough that a high flux of MeV neutrinos streaming through the detector may be recognized by a collective rate enhancement in all photomultipliers. This method can be used to search for the signal of c…
The next galactic supernova presents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and the extreme conditions found within its core. A core-collapse supernova will produce a neutrino burst visible up to half a day before the electromagnetic radiation from the explosion, so the burst will provide an early warning for optical follow-up. Since local supernovae are exceedingly rare, it is critical that neutrino detectors provide prompt alerts after the arrival of a burst. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory operates with $>99\%$ uptime and is sensitive …
IceCube is the first representative of the km^3 class of neutrino telescopes and currently the most sensitive detector to high-energy neutrinos. Its main mission is to search for Galactic and extragalactic sources of high-energy neutrinos, but it is also an excellent detector for the investigation of a variety of other highly topical astrophysics and particle physics topics like supernovae, dark matter and neutrino oscillations. After an introduction to neutrino astronomy and neutrino telescopes, this article presents a selection of latest results from the IceCube neutrino detector with respec…
Large neutrino detectors like IceCube monitor for core-collapse supernovae using low energy (MeV) neutrinos, with a reach to a supernova neutrino burst to the Magellanic Cloud. However, some models predict the emission of high energy neutrinos (GeV-TeV) from core-collapse supernovae through the interaction of ejecta with circumstellar material and (TeV-PeV) through choked jets. In this paper, we explore the detection horizon of IceCube for core-collapse supernovae using high-energy neutrinos from these models. We examine the potential of two high-energy neutrino data samples from IceCube, one …
It is shown that high-energy astrophysical neutrinos observed in the IceCube experiment can be produced by protons accelerated in extragalactic Type IIn supernova remnants by shocks propagating in the dense circumstellar medium. The nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration model is used for description of particle acceleration.
There are indications that $γ$-ray dark objects such as supernovae (SNe) with choked jets, and the cores of active galactic nuclei may contribute to the diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos measured by the IceCube observatory. In particular, stripped-envelope SNe have received much attention since they are capable of producing relativistic jets and could explain the diversity in observations of collapsar explosions (e.g., gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), low-luminosity GRBs, and Type Ibc SNe). We use an unbinned maximum likelihood method to search for spatial and temporal coincidences between Type …
Type IIn supernovae (SNe), a rare subclass of core collapse SNe, explode in dense circumstellar media that have been modified by the SNe progenitors at their last evolutionary stages. The interaction of the freely expanding SN ejecta with the circumstellar medium gives rise to a shock wave propagating in the dense SN environment, which may accelerate protons to multi-PeV energies. Inelastic proton-proton collisions between the shock-accelerated protons and those of the circumstellar medium lead to multi-messenger signatures. Here, we evaluate the possible neutrino signal of type IIn SNe and co…
The origin of the IceCube neutrinos is still an open question. Upper limits from diffuse gamma-ray observations suggest that the neutrino sources are either distant or hidden from gamma-ray observations. It is possible that the neutrinos are produced in jets that are formed in the core-collapsing massive stars and fail to break out, the so-called choked jets. We study neutrinos from the jets choked in the hydrogen envelopes of red supergiant stars. Fast photo-meson cooling softens the neutrino spectrum, making it difficult to explain the PeV neutrinos observed by IceCube in a one-component sce…
The IceCube detector, which is embedded in the glacial ice at the geographic South Pole, is the first neutrino telescope to comprise a volume of one cubic kilometer. The search for neutrinos of astrophysical origin is among the primary goals of IceCube. Point source candidates include Galactic objects such as supernova remnants (SNRs) as well as extragalactic objects such as Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). Offline and online searches for transient sources like GRBs and supernovae (SNe) are presented. Triggered searches use satellite measurements from Fermi, SWIFT and …
Young core-collapse supernovae (YSNe) are factories of high-energy neutrinos and gamma-rays as the shock accelerated protons efficiently interact with the protons in the dense circumstellar medium. We explore the detection prospects of secondary particles from YSNe of Type IIn, II-P, IIb/II-L, and Ib/c. Type IIn YSNe are found to produce the largest flux of neutrinos and gamma-rays, followed by II-P YSNe. Fermi-LAT and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (IceCube-Gen2) have the potential to detect Type IIn YSNe up to $10$~Mpc ($4$~Mpc), with the remaining YSNe Types being detectable closer to Earth.…
We study high energy neutrino emission from relativistic jets launched by a black hole (BH) spiraling-in inside the envelope of a red supergiant (RSG), and find that such common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe) are a potential source for the ~10^15 eV neutrinos detected by IceCube. We first use the stellar evolution code MESA to mimic the effect of the jets on the RSG envelope, and find that the jets substantially inflate the envelope. We then study the propagation of jets inside the extended RSG envelope and find that in most cases the jets do not penetrate the envelope but are rather stalle…
The IceCube Collaboration has recently reported evidence for a high-energy extraterrestrial neutrino flux. During two years of operation 28 events with energies between 30 TeV and 1.2 PeV were observed while only 10.6 events were expected from conventional atmospheric backgrounds. The hadronic interactions responsible for this IceCube excess will also produce a flux of high-energy gamma-rays that can serve as a probe of source direction and distance. We show that existing TeV to PeV diffuse gamma-ray limits support the interpretation that the IceCube excess is mostly of extragalactic origin. H…
It has been proposed that the gamma ray burst - supernova connection may manifest itself in a significant fraction of core collapse supernovae possessing mildly relativistic jets that do not break out of the stellar envelope. Neutrinos would provide proof of the existence of these jets. In the present letter we calculate the event rate of ~100 GeV neutrino-induced cascades in km^3 detectors. We also calculate the event rate for ~10 GeV neutrinos of all flavors with the DeepCore low energy extension of IceCube. The added event rate significantly improves the ability of km^3 detectors to search …
IceCube was completed in December 2010. It forms a lattice of 5160 photomultiplier tubes that monitor a volume of ~ 1 cubic km in the deep Antarctic ice for particle induced photons. The telescope was designed to detect neutrinos with energies greater than 100 GeV. Owing to subfreezing ice temperatures, the photomultiplier dark noise rates are particularly low. Hence IceCube can also detect large numbers of MeV neutrinos by observing a collective rise in all photomultiplier rates on top of the dark noise. With 2 ms timing resolution, IceCube can track subtle features in the temporal developmen…
Recently, the rapid multiwavelength photometry and flash spectra of supernova (SN) 2013fs imply that the progenitor stars of regular type II SNe (SNe II) might be commonly surrounded with a confined dense stellar wind ejected by themselves with large mass loss rate few years before the SNe. Based on the assumption that the pre-SN progenitor stars of SNe II have a SN 2013fs-like wind, with mass loss rate $\dot{M}\sim3\times10^{-3}(v_w/100\rm km\,s^{-1})M_\odot\rm yr^{-1}$, we investigate the neutrino emission during the wind breakouts of SN shocks. We find that the regular SNe II can convert a …
The IceCube detector, located at the South Pole, is discussed as a detector for core collapse supernovae. The large flux of $\barν_{e}$ from a Galactic supernova gives rise to Cherenkov light from positrons and electrons created in neutrino interactions which increase the overall count rate of the photomultipliers significantly. We will give an overview of the standard, count rate based, method for supernova detection and present the development of a novel technique. This technique uses coincident hits to extract additional information such as the average energy and spectral features. The pote…
In light of the latest IceCube data, we discuss the implications of the cosmic ray energy input from hypernovae and supernovae into the Universe, and their propagation in the hosting galaxy and galaxy clusters or groups. The magnetic confinement in these environments may lead to efficient $pp$ collisions, resulting in a diffuse neutrino spectrum extending from PeV down to 10 TeV energies, with a spectrum and flux level compatible with that recently reported by IceCube. If the diffuse 10 TeV neutrino background largely comes from such the CR reservoirs, the corresponding diffuse gamma-ray backg…
We report on the search for optical counterparts to IceCube neutrino alerts released between April 2016 and August 2021 with the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). Despite the discovery of a diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino flux in 2013, the source of those neutrinos remains largely unknown. Since 2016, IceCube has published likely-astrophysical neutrinos as public realtime alerts. Through a combination of normal survey and triggered target-of-opportunity observations, ASAS-SN obtained images within 1 hour of the neutrino detection for 20% (11) of all observable IceCu…
Core-collapse supernovae are among the prime candidate sources of high energy neutrinos. Accordingly, the IceCube collaboration has started a program to search for such a signal. IceCube operates an online search for neutrino bursts, forwarding the directions of candidate events to a network of optical telescopes for immediate follow-up observations. If a supernova is identified from the optical observations, in addition to a directional coincidence a temporal photon-neutrino coincidence also needs to be established. To achieve this, we present a method for estimating the supernova explosion t…
Relativistic winds of fast-spinning pulsars have been proposed as a potential site for cosmic-ray acceleration from very high energies (VHE) to ultrahigh energies (UHE). We re-examine conditions for high-energy neutrino production, considering the interaction of accelerated particles with baryons of the expanding supernova ejecta and the radiation fields in the wind nebula. We make use of the current IceCube sensitivity in diffusive high-energy neutrino background, in order to constrain the parameter space of the most extreme neutron stars as sources of VHE and UHE cosmic rays. We demonstrate …
Three-quarters of the 1 cubic kilometer neutrino telescope IceCube is currently taking data. Current models predict high-energy neutrino emission from transient objects like supernovae (SNe) and gammaray bursts (GRBs). To increase the sensitivity to such transient objects we have set up an optical follow-up program that triggers optical observations on multiplets of high-energy muon-neutrinos. We define multiplets as a minimum of two muon-neutrinos from the same direction (within 4 deg) that arrive within a 100 s time window. When this happens, an alert is issued to the four ROTSE-III telescop…
This paper describes the response of the IceCube neutrino telescope located at the geographic South Pole to outbursts of MeV neutrinos from the core collapse of nearby massive stars. IceCube was completed in December 2010 forming a lattice of 5160 photomultiplier tubes that monitor a volume of ~ 1 cubic kilometer in the deep Antarctic ice for particle induced photons. The telescope was designed to detect neutrinos with energies greater than 100 GeV. Owing to subfreezing ice temperatures, the photomultiplier dark noise rates are particularly low. Hence IceCube can also detect large numbers of M…
The center of the Milkyway is a host to energetic phenomena across many electromagnetic wave-bands and now possibly of high-energy neutrinos. We show that 5 out of 21 IceCube shower-like events, including a PeV event, likely originated from the Galactic Center region. Hard spectrum and flux inferred from these events are inconsistent with atmospheric neutrinos. The flux of these neutrinos is consistent with an extrapolation of the gamma-ray flux measured by Fermi-LAT from the inner Galactic region. This indicates a common hadronic origin of both, powered by supernovae. Three other shower-like …
Any interpretation of the astrophysical neutrinos discovered by IceCube must accommodate a variety of multimessenger constraints. We address implications of these neutrinos being produced in transient sources, principally if buried within supernovae so that gamma rays are absorbed by the star. This would alleviate tension with the isotropic Fermi GeV background that >10 TeV neutrinos rival in detected energy flux. We find that IceCube data constrain transient properties, implying buried GeV-TeV electromagnetic emission near or exceeding canonical SN explosion energies of ~10^51 erg, indicative…
The joint observation of core-collapse supernovae with gamma-ray bursts shows that jets can be launched in the aftermath of stellar core collapse, likely by a newly formed black hole that accretes matter from the star. Such gamma-ray bursts have only been observed accompanying Type Ibc supernovae, indicating a stellar progenitor that lost its Hydrogen envelope before collapse. According to recent hypothesis it is possible that jets are launched in core-collapse events even when the progenitors still retain their Hydrogen envelopes, however, such jets are not able to burrow through the star and…
Starburst regions with multiple powerful winds of young massive stars and supernova remnants are favorable sites for high-energy cosmic ray acceleration. A supernova shock colliding with a fast wind from a compact cluster of young stars allows the acceleration of protons to energies well above the standard limits of diffusive shock acceleration in an isolated SN. The proton spectrum in such a wind-supernova PeV accelerator is hard with a large flux in the high-energy-end of the spectrum producing copious gamma-rays and neutrinos in inelastic nuclear collisions. We argue that SN shocks in the W…
Neutrinos from a Galactic core-collapse supernova will be measured by neutrino detectors minutes to days before an optical signal reaches Earth. We present a novel calculation showing the ability of current and near-future neutrino detectors to make fast predictions of the progenitor distance and place constraints on the zero-age main sequence mass in order to inform the observing strategy for electromagnetic follow-up. We show that for typical Galactic supernovae, the distance can be constrained with an uncertainty of $\sim$5\% using IceCube or Hyper-K and, furthermore, the zero-age main sequ…
For a suite of fourteen core-collapse models during the dynamical first second after bounce, we calculate the detailed neutrino "light" curves expected in the underground neutrino observatories Super-Kamiokande, DUNE, JUNO, and IceCube. These results are given as a function of neutrino-oscillation modality (normal or inverted hierarchy) and progenitor mass (specifically, post-bounce accretion history), and illuminate the differences between the light curves for 1D (spherical) models that don't explode with the corresponding 2D (axisymmetric) models that do. We are able to identify clear signat…
We discuss a specific population of galactic PeVatrons which may be the main source of the galactic cosmic-ray (CR) component well above PeV energies. Supernovae in compact clusters of massive stars are proposed as powerful sources of CRs, neutrinos, and gamma-ray emission. Numerical simulations of non-linear Fermi acceleration at converging shock flows have revealed that these accelerators can provide very hard spectra of protons up to $10^{16}-10^{17}$ eV which is well above the "knee" in the all-particle CR spectrum at about $3\times10^{15}$ eV. We suggest that known supernova remnants inte…
Papers on solar flares, supernovae, event reconstruction and education & outreach, submitted to the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017, Busan, South Korea) by the IceCube Collaboration
In this work, we investigate the likelihood of association between realtime, TeV-PeV energy neutrino alerts from IceCube and optical counterparts in the form of core-collapse supernovae (CC SNe). The optical follow-up of IceCube alerts requires two main instrumental capabilities: (1) deep imaging, since 73\% of neutrinos would come from CC SNe at redshifts $z > 0.3$, and (2) a large field of view (FoV), since typical IceCube muon neutrino pointing accuracy is on the order of $\sim1$~deg. With Blanco/DECam ($gri$ to 24th magnitude and $2.2$~deg diameter FoV), we performed a triggered optical fo…
The main goal of the ANTARES neutrino telescope is the identification of neutrinos from cosmic accelerators. The good visibility towards the Southern sky for neutrino energies below 100 TeV and the good angular resolution for reconstructed events make the telescope excellent to test for the presence of point-like sources, especially of Galactic origin. The median angular resolution for track-like events (mainly from $ν_μ$ CC interactions) is $0.4^{\circ}$ while the median angular resolution for contained shower-like events (mainly from $ν_{e}$ CC and all-flavour NC interactions) is $3^{\circ}$…
We present analysis of neutrino and GW signals based on three-dimensional (3D) core-collapse supernova simulations of a rapidly rotating 27 $M_{\odot}$ star. We find a new neutrino signature that is produced by a lighthouse effect where the spinning of strong neutrino emission regions around the rotational axis leads to quasi-periodic modulation in the neutrino signal. Depending on the observer's viewing angle, the time modulation will be clearly detectable in IceCube and the future Hyper-Kamiokande. The GW emission is also anisotropic where the GW signal is emitted, as previously identified, …
Context. Transient neutrino sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and Supernovae (SNe) are hypothesized to emit bursts of high-energy neutrinos on a time-scale of \lesssim 100 s. While GRB neutrinos would be produced in high relativistic jets, core-collapse SNe might host soft-relativistic jets, which become stalled in the outer layers of the progenitor star leading to an efficient production of high-energy neutrinos. Aims. To increase the sensitivity to these neutrinos and identify their sources, a low-threshold optical follow-up program for neutrino multiplets detected with the IceCube obs…
It has long been recognized that the neutrinos detected from the next core-collapse supernova in the Galaxy have the potential to reveal important information about the dynamics of the explosion and the nucleosynthesis conditions as well as allowing us to probe the properties of the neutrino itself. The neutrinos emitted from thermonuclear - type Ia - supernovae also possess the same potential, although these supernovae are dimmer neutrino sources. For the first time, we calculate the time, energy, line of sight, and neutrino-flavor-dependent features of the neutrino signal expected from a thr…
