Seyed Hassan Alavi
In this article, we study $2$-designs with $\gcd(r,λ)=1$ admitting a flag-transitive almost simple automorphism group with socle a finite simple exceptional group of Lie type. We obtain four infinite families of such designs and provide some examples in each of these families.
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Non-trivial $2$-$(k^{2},k,λ)$ designs, with $λ\mid k$, admitting a flag-transitive almost simple automorphism group are classified.
In this paper we develop several general methods for analysing flag-transitive point-imprimitive $2$-designs, which give restrictions on both the automorphisms and parameters of such designs. These constitute a tool-kit for analysing these designs and their groups. We apply these methods to complete the classification of flag-transitive, point-imprimitive $2$-$(v,k,λ)$ designs with $λ$ at most $4$.
A new flag-transitive linear space
该研究构造了具PΓL₂(32)自同构群的新旗传递2-(496,4,1)设计，修正了有限旗传递线性空间分类的遗漏。
Among the properties of homogeneity of incidence structures flag-transitivity obviously is a particularly important and natural one. Consequently, in the last decades also flag-transitive Steiner tdesigns (i.e. flag-transitive t-(v,k,1) designs) have been investigated, whereas only by the use of the classification of the finite simple groups has it been possible in recent years to essentially characterize all flag-transitive Steiner 2-designs. However, despite the finite simple group classification, for Steiner t-designs with parameters t > 2 such characterizations have remained challenging op…
This paper is devoted to the classification of flag-transitive 2-(v,k,2) designs. We show that apart from two known symmetric 2-(16,6,2) designs, every flag-transitive subgroup G of the automorphism group of a nontrivial 2-(v,k,2) design is primitive of affine or almost simple type. Moreover, we classify the 2-(v,k,2) designs admitting a flag transitive almost simple group G with socle PSL(n,q) for some n \geq 3. Alongside this analysis, we give a construction for a flag-transitive 2-(v,k-1,k-2) design from a given flag-transitive 2-(v,k,1) design which induces a 2-transitive action on a line.…
This paper studies flag-transitive point-primitive non-symmetric $2$-($v,k,2$) designs. We prove that if $\mathcal{D}$ is a non-trivial non-symmetric $2$-$(v,k,2)$ design admitting a flag-transitive point-primitive automorphism group $G$ with $Soc(G)=A_{n}$ for $n\geq5$, then $\mathcal{D}$ is a $2$-$(6,3,2)$ or $2$-$(10,4,2)$ design.
We give a construction of a family of designs with a specified point-partition, and determine the subgroup of automorphisms leaving invariant the point-partition. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a design in the family to possess a flag-transitive group of automorphisms preserving the specified point-partition. We give examples of flag-transitive designs in the family, including a new symmetric $2$-$(1408,336,80)$ design with automorphism group $2^{12}:((3\cdot\mathrm{M}_{22}):2)$, and a construction of one of the families of the symplectic designs (the designs $S^-(n)$) exhibit…
A Steiner quadruple system of order v is a 3-(v,4,1) design, and will be denoted SQS(v). Using the classification of finite 2-transitive permutation groups all SQS(v) with a flag-transitive automorphism group are completely classified, thus solving the "still open and longstanding problem of classifying all flag-transitive 3-(v,k,1) designs" for the smallest value of k. Moreover, a generalization of a result of H. Lueneburg (1965, Math. Z. 89, 82-90) is achieved.
In this article, we study $2$-designs with prime replication number admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group. The automorphism groups of these designs are point-primitive of almost simple or affine type. We determine $2$-designs with prime replication number admitting an almost simple automorphism group.
Sporadic simple groups as flag-transitive automorphism groups of symmetric designs
本文分类了以散在单群为基座且旗传递的对称设计，证明此类设计恰有七个，其中一个点非本原、其余点本原。
We solve the long-standing open problem of classifying all 3-(v,k,1) designs with a flag-transitive group of automorphisms (cf. A. Delandtsheer, Geom. Dedicata 41 (1992), p. 147; and in: "Handbook of Incidence Geometry", ed. by F. Buekenhout, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1995, p. 273; but presumably dating back to 1965). Our result relies on the classification of the finite 2-transitive permutation groups.
On symmetric 2-designs of prime order with almost simple flag-transitive automorphism groups
本文对允许旗传递几乎单自同构群的素数阶对称2-设计进行了完全分类，基于先前点本原性结果，给出了此类设计的完整刻画。
2-(v,k,3) designs admitting an almost simple, flag-transitive automorphism group with socle PSL(2,q)
本文研究了允许特定自同构群的2-(v,k,3)设计的分类问题，重点在于其socle结构为PSL(2,q)的情况。
Mathieu groups as flag-transitive automorphism groups of block designs
本文研究基座为 Mathieu 群的旗传递几乎单自同构群作用下的 2-设计，完整分类并显式构造，新得 101 个旗传递 2-设计。
In this paper, we present a classification of $2$-designs with $\gcd(r,λ)=1$ admitting flag-transitive automorphism groups. If $G$ is a flag-transitive automorphism group of a non-trivial $2$-design $\mathcal{D}$ with $\gcd(r,λ)=1$, then either $(\mathcal{D},G)$ is one of the known examples described in this paper, or $\mathcal{D}$ has $q = p^{d}$ points with $p$ prime and $G$ is a subgroup of $AΓL_{1}(q)$.
Let $\mathcal D$ be a nontrivial symmetric $(v,k,λ)$ design, and $G$ be a subgroup of the full automorphism group of $\mathcal D$. In this paper we prove that if $G$ acts flag-transitively, point-primitively on $\mathcal D$ and $Soc(G)= PSL(2,q)$, then D has parameters $(7, 3, 1)$, $(7, 4, 2)$, $(11, 5, 2)$, $(11, 6, 3)$ or $(15, 8, 4)$.
Let $G$ be a flag-transitive automorphism group of a $(v,k,λ)$ symmetric design $\mathcal{D}$ with $k>λ(λ-2)$. O'Reilly Regueiro proved that if $G$ is point-imprimitive, then $\mathcal{D}$ has parameters $(v,k,λ)=(λ^2(λ+2),λ(λ+1),λ)$. In the present paper, we consider the case that $G$ is point-primitive. By applying the O'Nan-Scott Theorem, we prove that $G$ must be of affine type or almost simple type.
This paper determined all pairs $(\mathcal{D},G)$ where $\mathcal{D}$ is a non-symmetric 2-$(v,k,λ)$ design with $(r,λ)=1$ and $G$ is the almost simple flag-transitive automorphism group of $\mathcal{D}$ with an exceptional socle of Lie type. We prove that if $T\trianglelefteq G\leq Aut(T)$ where $T$ is an exceptional group of Lie type, then $T$ must be the Ree group or Suzuki group, and there are five classes of non-isomorphic designs $\mathcal{D}$.
Flag-transitive $2$-$(v,k,λ)$ designs with $λ\ge (r,λ)^2$
本文针对允许旗传递自同构群作用的满足λ≥(r,λ)²的2-设计，完成了n≥3时基座为PSLₙ(q)或PSUₙ(q)的几乎单群对应的满足λ≥(r,λ)²>1的该类设计的分类。
In this article, we investigate $2$-$(v,k,λ)$ designs with $\gcd(r,λ)=1$ admitting flag-transitive automorphism groups $G$. We prove that if $G$ is an almost simple group, then such a design belongs to one of the seven infinite families of $2$-designs or it is one of the eleven well-known examples. We describe all these examples of designs. We, in particular, prove that if $\mathcal{D}$ is a symmetric $(v,k,λ)$ design with $\gcd(k,λ)=1$ admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group $G$, then either $G\leq AΓL_{1}(q)$ for some odd prime power $q$, or $\mathcal{D}$ is a projective space or the …
Flag-transitive automorphism groups of $2$-designs with $λ\geq (r,λ)^2$ are not product type
本文证明满足 $λ\geq (r,λ)^2$ 的非平凡 $2$-设计的旗传递自同构群不是乘积作用型，从而得出其为本原的仿射型或几乎单型群。
Suppose that an automorphism group $G$ acts flag-transitively on a finite generalized hexagon or octagon $\cS$, and suppose that the action on both the point and line set is primitive. We show that $G$ is an almost simple group of Lie type, that is, the socle of $G$ is a simple Chevalley group.
In this article, we study $2$-designs with $\gcd(r, λ)=1$ admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group. The automorphism groups of these designs are point-primitive of almost simple or affine type. We determine all pairs $(\mathcal{D}, G)$, where $\mathcal{D}$ is a $2$-design with $\gcd(r, λ)=1$ and $G$ is a flag-transitive almost simple automorphism group of $\mathcal{D}$ whose socle is $X=\mathrm{PSU}(n, q)$ with $(n, q)\neq (3, 2)$ and prove that such a design belongs to one of the two infinite families of Hermitian unitals and Witt-Bose-Shrikhande spaces, or it is isomorphic to a design …
A Classification of the flag-transitive $2$-$(v,k,2)$ designs
本文分类了仿射型旗传递自同构群作用下的 $2$-$(v,k,2)$ 设计，构造了七类新设计族，并结合已有结果给出除半线性 $1$ 维情形外的完整分类。
Alternating groups as flag-transitive automorphism groups of 2-designs with block size seven
该研究刻画了区组大小为7且自同构群为交错群型几乎单群的旗传递2-设计，证明其仅有两类可能情形。
Flag transitive geometries with trialities and no dualities coming from Suzuki groups
本文利用Suzuki群的室系统构造了首个旗传递且具有三元性而无二元性的秩三关联几何无限族，并构造了相应的正则超图族。
In 1987, Huw Davies proved that, for a flag-transitive point-imprimitive $2$-$(v,k,λ)$ design, both the block-size $k$ and the number $v$ of points are bounded by functions of $λ$, but he did not make these bounds explicit. In this paper we derive explicit polynomial functions of $λ$ bounding $k$ and $v$. For $λ\leq 4$ we obtain a list of `numerically feasible' parameter sets $v, k, λ$ together with the number of parts and part-size of an invariant point-partition and the size of a nontrivial block-part intersection. Moreover from these parameter sets we determine all examples with fewer than …
Block-transitive t-(k^2,k,\lam) designs and simple exceptional groups of Lie type
针对非平凡t-(k²,k,λ)设计的区传递自同构群G，证明其基柱不可能为有限李型单例外群，为该类设计的自同构群结构研究提供关键结论。
Almost simple groups as flag-transitive automorphism groups of 2-designs with λ = 2
本文研究λ=2的2-设计的旗传递几乎单自同构群，证明基群为有限李型例外单群时此类设计不存在，并完成相关设计的分类，明确其属于特定无限族或有限参数集的设计。
Affine groups as flag-transitive and point-primitive automorphism groups of symmetric designs
本文研究了容许旗传递且点本原仿射自同构群的对称设计，证明了当λ为素数时自同构群的结构，并给出了此类对称设计的完整分类。
$2$-designs admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group with socle $PSL(2,q)$
研究了具有基座为\(PSL(2,q)\)（\(q = p^{f}\geq 4\)）的旗传递自同构群的\(2 -\)设计，分点本原和点非本原情况，后者获完全分类，前者除特定线性空间外还分类出\(48\)个零星例子。
In this article, we study flag-transitive automorphism groups of non-trivial symmetric $(v, k, λ)$ designs, where $λ$ divides $k$ and $k\geq λ^2$. We show that such an automorphism group is either point-primitive of affine or almost simple type, or point-imprimitive with parameters $v=λ^{2}(λ+2)$ and $k=λ(λ+1)$, for some positive integer $λ$. We also provide some examples in both possibilities.
We announce the classification of two related classes of flag-transitive geometries. There is an infinite family of such geometries, related to the nonsplit extensions $3^{[{n\atop 2}]_{_2}}\cdot \SP_{2n}(2)$, and twelve sporadic examples coming from the simple groups $M_{22}$, $M_{23}$, $M_{24}$, $He$, $Co_1$, $Co_2$, $J_4$, $BM$, $M$ and the nonsplit extensions $3\cdot M_{22}$, $3^{23}\cdot Co_2$, and $3^{4371}\cdot BM$.
The Higman-M\lowercase{c}Laughlin Theorem for the flag-transitive $2$-designs with $λ$ prime
本文将Higman-McLaughlin定理从λ=1推广至λ为素数的情况，仅排除三种特定同构类的2-设计，证明旗传递自同构群仍点本原作用。
The Flag-Transitive and Point-Imprimitive Symmetric $(v,k,λ)$ Designs with $v<100$
本文完成v<100的旗传递点非本原对称2-(v,k,λ)设计的分类，新发现两个不同构的2-(64,28,12)设计，通过PSL₂(7)的绝对不可约8维𝔽₂-表示理论构造并证明其自同构群性质，结合已有结果实现v<100旗传递2-设计的完全分类。
As a consequence of the classification of the finite simple groups, it has been possible in recent years to characterize Steiner t-designs, that is t-(v,k,1) designs, mainly for t = 2, admitting groups of automorphisms with sufficiently strong symmetry properties. However, despite the finite simple group classification, for Steiner t-designs with t > 2 most of these characterizations have remained longstanding challenging problems. Especially, the determination of all flag-transitive Steiner t-designs with 2 < t < 7 is of particular interest and has been open for about 40 years (cf. [11, p. 14…
On flag-transitive automorphism groups of $2$-designs with $λ$ prime
本文分类了具有素数λ且自同构群为旗传递点本原几乎单群的2-设计，证明了当基座为有限例外型单群时对应两类无限族设计，当基座为散在单群时对应三个唯一设计。
A Cayley Graph for a group $G$ is called normal edge-transitive if it admits an edge-transitive action of some subgroup of the Holomorph of $G$ (the normaliser of a regular copy of $G$ in $\operatorname{Sym}(G)$). We complete the classification of normal edge-transitive Cayley graphs of order a product of two primes by dealing with Cayley graphs for Frobenius groups of such orders. We determine the automorphism groups of these graphs, proving in particular that there is a unique vertex-primitive example, namely the flag graph of the Fano plane.
The Baby Monster group B acts naturally on a geometry E(B) with diagram c.F_4(t) for t=4 and the action of B on E(B) is flag-transitive. It possesses the following properties: (a) any two elements of type 1 are incident to at most one common element of type 2, and (b) three elements of type 1 are pairwise incident to common elements of type 2 iff they are incident to a common element of type 5. It is shown that E(B) is the only (non-necessary flag-transitive) c.F_4(t)-geometry, satisfying t=4, (a) and (b), thus obtaining the first characterization of B in terms of an incidence geometry, simila…
On primitivity and reduction for half-flag-transitive block designs
本文为半旗传递2-设计建立点本原的充分条件，并分类几乎单型中基座为散在单群的情形，得到HS群对应的两个唯一设计。
It is known that the notion of a transitive subgroup of a permutation group $G$ extends naturally to subsets of $G$. We consider subsets of the general linear group $\operatorname{GL}(n,q)$ acting transitively on flag-like structures, which are common generalisations of $t$-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{F}_q^n$ and bases of $t$-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{F}_q^n$. We give structural characterisations of transitive subsets of $\operatorname{GL}(n,q)$ using the character theory of $\operatorname{GL}(n,q)$ and interprete such subsets as designs in the conjugacy class association scheme …
A graph $Γ$ is $G$-symmetric if $G$ is a group of automorphisms of $Γ$ which is transitive on the set of ordered pairs of adjacent vertices of $Γ$. If $V(Γ)$ admits a nontrivial $G$-invariant partition ${\cal B}$ such that for blocks $B, C \in {\cal B}$ adjacent in the quotient graph $Γ_{\cal B}$ of $Γ$ relative to ${\cal B}$, exactly one vertex of $B$ has no neighbour in $C$, then $Γ$ is called an almost multicover of $Γ_{\cal B}$. In this case an incidence structure with point set ${\cal B}$ arises naturally, and it is a $(G, 2)$-point-transitive and $G$-block-transitive 2-design if in addit…
Let $G$ be a group with socle a simple group of Lie type defined over the finite field with $q$ elements where $q$ is a power of the prime $p$. Suppose that $G$ acts transitively upon the lines of a linear space $\mathcal{S}$. We show that if $p$ is {\it significant} then $G$ acts flag-transitively on $\mathcal{S}$ and all examples are known.
Ostrom and Wagner (1959) proved that if the automorphism group $G$ of a finite projective plane $π$ acts $2$-transitively on the points of $π$, then $π$ is isomorphic to the Desarguesian projective plane and $G$ is isomorphic to $\mathrm{PΓL}(3,q)$ (for some prime-power $q$). In the more general case of a finite rank $2$ irreducible spherical building, also known as a \emph{generalized polygon}, the theorem of Fong and Seitz (1973) gave a classification of the \emph{Moufang} examples. A conjecture of Kantor, made in print in 1991, says that there are only two non-classical examples of flag-tra…
Block-transitive $3$-$(v,k,1)$ designs associated with alternating groups
本文证明：若块传递的 $3$-$(v,k,1)$ 设计具有几乎单自同构群且基座为交错群，则该设计必为唯一的 $3$-$(10,4,1)$ 设计，且群为 $\rm{PGL}(2,9)$、$\rm{M}_{10}$ 或 $\rm{Aut}(\rm{A}_6)$，并是旗传递的。
The classification of flag-transitive generalised quadrangles is a long-standing open problem at the interface of finite geometry and permutation group theory. Given that all known flag-transitive generalised quadrangles are also point-primitive (up to point-line duality), it is likewise natural to seek a classification of the point-primitive examples. Working towards this aim, we are led to investigate generalised quadrangles that admit a collineation group $G$ preserving a Cartesian product decomposition of the set of points. It is shown that, under a generic assumption on $G$, the number of…
Soft planes and groups
本文利用满足简单条件的群构造有限射影平面，所得平面包含许多已知平面并可能包含新平面，且精确刻画为具有固定旗并在特定旗集上传递的共线群的射影平面。
We study point-block incidence structures $(\mathcal{P},\mathcal{B})$ for which the point set $\mathcal{P}$ is an $m\times n$ grid. Cameron and the fourth author showed that each block $B$ may be viewed as a subgraph of a complete bipartite graph $\mathbf{K}_{m,n}$ with bipartite parts (biparts) of sizes $m, n$. In the case where $\mathcal{B}$ consists of all the subgraphs isomorphic to $B$, under automorphisms of $\mathbf{K}_{m,n}$ fixing the two biparts, they obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for $(\mathcal{P},\mathcal{B})$ to be a $2$-design, and to be a $3$-design. We first re-i…
A graph $Γ$ is called $G$-symmetric if it admits $G$ as a group of automorphisms acting transitively on the set of ordered pairs of adjacent vertices. We give a classification of $G$-symmetric graphs $Γ$ with $V(Γ)$ admitting a nontrivial $G$-invariant partition $\mathcal{B}$ such that there is exactly one edge of $Γ$ between any two distinct blocks of $\mathcal{B}$. This is achieved by giving a classification of $(G, 2)$-point-transitive and $G$-block-transitive designs $\mathcal{D}$ together with $G$-orbits $Ω$ on the flag set of $\mathcal{D}$ such that $G_{σ, L}$ is transitive on $L \setmin…
In 2008, Schneider and Van Maldeghem proved that if a group acts flag-transitively, point-primitively, and line-primitively on a generalised hexagon or generalised octagon, then it is an almost simple group of Lie type. We show that point-primitivity is sufficient for the same conclusion, regardless of the action on lines or flags. This result narrows the search for generalised hexagons or octagons with point- or line-primitive collineation groups beyond the classical examples, namely the two generalised hexagons and one generalised octagon admitting the Lie type groups $\mathsf{G}_2(q)$, $\,^…
Maps, simple groups, and arc-transitive graphs
本文确定了有限几乎单群的因子分解条件，并分类了允许无核弧传递子群的映射嵌入图，除特殊情形外仅包括完全图、Johnson图及14个额外图，特殊情形下构造无穷多个嵌入。
It is well-known that a simple $G$-arc-transitive graph can be represented as a coset graph for the group $G$. This representation is extended to a construction of $G$-arc-transitive coset graphs $\Cos(G,H,J)$ with finite valency and finite edge-multiplicity, where $H, J$ are stabilisers in $G$ of a vertex and incident edge, respectively. Given a group $G=ła,z\r$ with $|z|=2$ and $|a|$ finite, the coset graph $\Cos(G,ła\r,łz\r)$ is shown, under suitable finiteness assumptions, to have exactly two different arc-transitive embeddings as a $G$-arc-transitive map $(V,E,F)$, namely, a {\it $G$-rota…
Exceptional groups and the $s$-arc-transitivity of vertex-primitive digraphs, I
本文研究例外群对s-弧传递有向图的原始作用，证明当L为特定例外李型群时，s的上限为2。
Exceptional groups and the s-arc-transitivity of vertex-primitive digraphs, II
研究基座为\(E_7(q)\)或\(E_8(q)\)的几乎单群在\(s\)-弧传递有向图上的本原作用，结合前人工作，回答了关于有限连通\(G\)-顶点本原\(s\)-弧传递有向图（非有向圈）中\(s\)是否有上界的问题。
Finite semiprimitive permutation groups of rank $3$
本文给出了非固有传递的秩 $3$ 有限半本原置换群的完整分类，其例子包括某些几乎简单 $2$-传递群的 Schur 覆盖及三个例外小群。
Suppose that a group $G$ has socle $L$ a simple large-rank classical group. Suppose furthermore that $G$ acts transitively on the set of lines of a linear space $\mathcal{S}$. We prove that, provided $L$ has dimension at least 25, then $G$ acts transitively on the set of flags of $\mathcal{S}$ and hence the action is known. For particular families of classical groups our results hold for dimension smaller than 25. The group theoretic methods used to prove the result (described in Section 3) are robust and general and are likely to have wider application in the study of almost simple groups act…
In this article, we study symmetric $(v, k, λ)$ designs admitting a flag-transitive and point-primitive automorphism group $G$ whose socle is a projective special unitary group of dimension at most five. We, in particular, determine all such possible parameters $(v, k, λ)$ and show that there exist eight non-isomorphic of such designs for which $λ\in\{3,6,12, 16, 18\}$ and $G$ is $PSU_{3}(3)$, $PSU_{3}(3):2$, $PSU_{4}(2)$ or $PSU_{4}(2):2$.
In this article, we investigate symmetric $(v,k,λ)$ designs $\mathcal{D}$ with $λ$ prime admitting flag-transitive and point-primitive automorphism groups $G$. We prove that if $G$ is an almost simple group with socle a finite simple group of Lie type, then $\mathcal{D}$ is either the point-hyperplane design of a projective space $\mathrm{PG}_{n-1}(q)$, or it is of parameters $(7,4,2)$, $(11,5,2)$, $(11,6,2)$ or $(45,12,3)$.
For quasifields, the concept of parastrophy is slightly weaker than isotopy. Parastrophic quasifields yield isomorphic translation planes but not conversely. We investigate the right multiplication groups of finite quasifields. We classify all quasifields having an exceptional finite transitive linear group as right multiplication group. The classification is up to parastrophy, which turns out to be the same as up to the isomorphism of the corresponding translation planes.
In this article, we study symmetric $(v, k, λ)$ designs admitting a flag-transitive and point-primitive automorphism group $G$ whose socle $X$ is a finite simple exceptional group of Lie type. We prove a reduction theorem, severely restricting the possible parameters of such designs. We also prove that the parameters $k$ and $λ$ are not coprime, and neither of these parameters can be prime. Moreover, if $λ$ is at most $100$, we show that there are two such parameters sets, namely, $(351,126,45)$ and $(378,117,36)$ for $G=X=G_{2}(3)$. Our analysis depends heavily on detailed information about a…
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