Computing polynomial invariants for knots and links using braid representations relies heavily on finding the trace of Hecke algebra elements. There is no easy method known for computing the trace and hence it becomes difficult to compute the known polynomial invariants of knots using their braid representations. In this paper, we provide an algorithm to compute the trace of the Hecke algebra representation of any braid. We simplify this algorithm and write a Mathematica program to compute the invariants such as Alexander polynomial, Jones polynomial, HOMFLY-PT polynomial and Khovanov homology of a very special family of knots and links $W(n,m)$ known as weaving knots by expressing them as closure of weaving braids. We also explore on the relationship between the topological and geometric invariants of this family of alternating and hyperbolic knots (links) by generating data for the subfamilies $W(3,m)$, $W(4,m)$, $W(5,m)$ and $W(6,m)$ of weaving knots.
Weaving knots are alternating knots with the same projection as torus knots, and were conjectured by X.-S. Lin to be among the maximum volume knots for fixed crossing number. We provide the first asymptotically correct volume bounds for weaving knots, and we prove that the infinite weave is their geometric limit.
This article presents a formula for the determinant of the twisted generalized hybrid weaving knot $\hat{Q}_3(m_1,m_2,n,l)$, which is a closed 3-braid. As a corollary, we prove Conjecture 2 of Singh & Chbili [Nuclear Physics B, 980:115800 (2022)].
In this paper we compute the signature for a family of knots $W(k,n)$, the weaving knots of type $(k,n)$. By work of E.~S.~Lee the signature calculation implies a vanishing theorem for the Khovanov homology of weaving knots. Specializing to knots $W(3,n)$, we develop recursion relations that enable us to compute the Jones polynomial of $W(3,n)$. Using additional results of Lee, we compute the ranks of the Khovanov Homology of these knots. At the end we provide evidence for our conjecture that, asymptotically, the ranks of Khovanov Homology of $W(3,n)$ are {\it normally distributed}.
In this paper, we derive formulae for the determinant of weaving knots $W(3,n)$ and $W(p,2)$. We calculate the dimension of the first homology group with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}_3$ of the double cyclic cover of the $3$-sphere $S^3$ branched over $W(3,n)$ and $W(p,2)$ respectively. As a consequence, we obtain a lower bound of the unknotting number of $W(3,n)$ for certain values of $n$.
We investigate several conjectures in geometric topology by assembling computer data obtained by studying weaving knots, a doubly infinite family $W(p,n)$ of examples of hyperbolic knots. In particular, we compute some important polynomial knot invariants, as well as knot homologies, for the subclass $W(3,n)$ of this family. We use these knot invariants to conclude that all knots $W(3,n)$ are fibered knots and provide estimates for some geometric invariants of these knots. Finally, we study the asymptotics of the ranks of their Khovanov homology groups. Our investigations provide evidence for …
We establish a relationship between the Jones polynomial of generalized weaving knots of type $W(3,n,m)$ and the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind. Consequently, we prove that the coefficients of the Jones polynomial of weaving knots are basically the Whitney numbers of Lucas lattices. Furthermore, we give an explicit formula for the Alexander polynomial of weaving knots $W(3,n)$ and we prove that it satisfies Fox's trapezoidal conjecture.
This paper presents results on the framization of some knot algebras, defined by the authors. We explain the motivations of the concept of framization, coming from the Yokonuma--Hecke algebras, as well as recent results on the framization of the Temperley--Lieb algebra. Finally, we propose framizations for other knot algebras such as the BMW algebra, the $B$--type related Hecke algebras and the singular Hecke algebra.
In this work we introduce the concept of Modular Framization or simply Framization. We construct a framization $F_{d,n}$ of the Birman--Wenzl--Murakami algebra, also known as BMW algebra, and start a systematic study of this framization. We show that $F_{d,n}$ is finite dimensional and the \lq braid generators\rq\ of this algebra satisfy a quartic relation which is of minimal degree not containing the generators $t_i$. They also satisfy a quintic relation, as the smallest closed relation. We conjecture that the algebras $F_{d,n}$ support a Markov trace which allow to define polynomial invarian…
In this paper we classify all Markov traces on Iwahori-Hecke algebras associated with the finite Coxeter groups of type B. We then use these traces for constructing Jones-type invariants for oriented knots inside a solid torus, and finally we give skein-theoretical interpretations.
In this paper we consider all possible generalizations of the B-type Hecke algebras, namely the cyclotomic and what we call 'generalized', and we construct Markov traces on each of them, so as to obtain all possible different levels of homfly-pt analogues in the solid torus related to the (Hecke) algebras of B-type.
The Yokonuma-Hecke algebras are quotients of the modular framed braid group and they support Markov traces. In this paper, which is sequel to Juyumaya and Lambropoulou (2007), we explore further the structures of the $p$-adic framed braids and the $p$-adic Yokonuma-Hecke algebras constructed in Juyumaya and Lambropoulou (2007), by means of dense sub-structures approximating $p$-adic elements. We also construct a $p$-adic Markov trace on the $p$-adic Yokonuma-Hecke algebras and we approximate the values of the $p$-adic trace on $p$-adic elements. Surprisingly, the Markov traces do not re-scale …
In this paper we introduce a Jones-type invariant for singular knots, using a Markov trace on the Yokonuma--Hecke algebras ${\rm Y}_{d,n}(u)$ and the theory of singular braids. The Yokonuma--Hecke algebras have a natural topological interpretation in the context of framed knots. Yet, we show that there is a homomorphism of the singular braid monoid $SB_n$ into the algebra ${\rm Y}_{d,n}(u)$. Surprisingly, the trace does not normalize directly to yield a singular link invariant, so a condition must be imposed on the trace variables. Assuming this condition, the invariant satisfies a skein relat…
We compare the invariant for classical knots and links defined using the Juyumaya trace on the Yokonuma-Hecke algebras with the HOMFLYPT polynomial. We show that the two invariants, as maps on the set ${\mathcal L}$ of oriented link types in $S^3$, do not coincide except in a few trivial cases.
The mixed braid groups $B_{2,n}, \ n \in \mathbb{N}$, with two fixed strands and $n$ moving ones, are known to be related to the knot theory of certain families of $3$-manifolds. In this paper we define the mixed Hecke algebra $\mathrm{H}_{2,n}(q)$ as the quotient of the group algebra ${\mathbb Z}\, [q^{\pm 1}] \, B_{2,n}$ over the quadratic relations of the classical Iwahori-Hecke algebra for the braiding generators. We furhter provide a potential basis $Λ_n$ for $\mathrm{H}_{2,n}(q)$, which we prove is a spanning set for the $\mathbb{Z}[q^{\pm 1}]$-additive structure of this algebra. The set…
In this paper we announce the existence of a family of new $2$-variable polynomial invariants for oriented classical links defined via a Markov trace on the Yokonuma-Hecke algebra of type $A$. Yokonuma-Hecke algebras are generalizations of Iwahori-Hecke algebras, and this family contains the Homflypt polynomial, the famous $2$-variable invariant for classical links arising from the Iwahori-Hecke algebra of type $A$. We show that these invariants are topologically equivalent to the Homflypt polynomial on knots, but not on links, by providing pairs of Homflypt-equivalent links that are distingui…
In this paper we study properties of the Markov trace ${\rm tr}_d$ and the specialized trace ${\rm tr}_{d,D}$ on the Yokonuma-Hecke algebras, such as behaviour under inversion of a word, connected sums and mirror imaging. We then define invariants for framed, classical and singular links through the trace ${\rm tr}_{d,D}$ and also invariants for transverse links through the trace ${\rm tr}_d$. In order to compare the invariants for classical links with the Homflypt polynomial we develop computer programs and we evaluate them on several Homflypt-equivalent pairs of knots and links. Our computat…
Classical knot theory deals with {\em diagrams} and {\em invariants}. By means of horizontal {\em trisecants}, we construct a new theory of classical braids with invariants valued in {\em pictures}. These pictures are closely related to diagrams of the initial object. The main tool is the notion of {\em free $k$-braid group}. In the simplest case, for free $2$-braids, the word problem and the conjugacy problem can be solved by finding the minimal representative, which can be thought of as a graph, and is unique, as such. We prove a general theorem about invariants of dynamical systems which ar…
This article was submitted to a volume under preparation, with Benson Farb as the editor, on the topic of open problems in surface mapping class groups. The braid group B_n is the mapping class group of an n-times punctured disk. The Iwahori-Hecke algebra H_n is a quotient of the braid group algebra of B_n by a quadratic relation in the standard generators. We discuss how to use H_n to define the Jones polynomial of a knot or link. We also summarize the classification of the irreducible representations of H_n. We conclude with some directions for future research that would apply mapping class …
By generalizing the Kuperberg sl(3) bracket, we construct a graph-valued analogue of the Homflypt sl(3) invariant for virtual knots. The restriction of this invariant for classical knots coincides with the usual Homflypt sl(3) invariant, and for virtual knots and graphs it provides new information that allows one to prove minimality theorems and to construct new invariants for free knots. We formulate this new invariant for virtual braids as well, and show that it leads to the construction of a trace function on the virtual Hecke algebra. Finally, we show that the Penrose coloring bracket is a…
A fast algorithm for the Hecke representation of the braid group, and applications to the computation of the HOMFLY-PT polynomial and the search for interesting braids
In this paper we introduce the Yokonuma-Temperley-Lieb algebra as a quotient of the Yokonuma-Hecke algebra over a two-sided ideal generated by an expression analogous to the one of the classical Temperley-Lieb algebra. The main theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the Markov trace defined on the Yokonuma-Hecke algebra to pass through to the quotient algebra, leading to a sequence of knot invariants which coincide with the Jones polynomial.
In this article we introduce a framization of the Hecke algebra of type B. For this framization we construct a faithful tensorial representation and two linear bases. We finally construct a Markov trace on these algebras and from this trace we derive isotopy invariants for framed and classical knots and links in the solid torus.
In this report, I will start by first giving a brief introduction on knots to build some intuition before beginning the more rigorous review in the Literature Review section. There, I will define knot equivalence, the Jones polynomial invariant, braid groups, Hecke algebras, and the HOMFLY polynomial invariant. Next, I will cover some of my independent research regarding the computation of a general formula for the HOMFLY polynomial of the closure of looped coxeter braids. Lastly, I will loosely discuss how this research connects to future research regarding the universal trace in the Plan for…
In this article, we define and study the affine and cyclotomic Yokonuma-Hecke algebras. These algebras generalise at the same time the Ariki-Koike and affine Hecke algebras and the Yokonuma-Hecke algebras. We study the representation theory of these algebras and construct several bases for them. We then show how we can define Markov traces on them, which we in turn use to construct invariants for framed and classical knots in the solid torus. Finally, we study the Markov trace with zero parameters on the cyclotomic Yokonuma-Hecke algebras and determine the Schur elements with respect to that t…
We propose a framization of the Temperley-Lieb algebra. The framization is a procedure that can briefly be described as the adding of framing to a known knot algebra in a way that is both algebraically consistent and topologically meaningful. Our framization of the Temperley-Lieb algebra is defined as a quotient of the Yokonuma-Hecke algebra. The main theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the Markov trace defined on the Yokonuma-Hecke algebra to pass through to the quotient algebra. Using this we construct 1-variable invariants for classical knots and links, which, as we sho…
We develop several applications of the fact that the Yokonuma--Hecke algebra of the general linear group GL is isomorphic to a direct sum of matrix algebras associated to Iwahori--Hecke algebras of type A. This includes a description of the semisimple and modular representation theory of the Yokonuma--Hecke algebras of GL and a complete classification of all the Markov traces for them. Finally, from these Markov traces, we construct 3-variables polynomials which are invariants for framed and classical knots and links, and investigate their properties with the help of the isomorphism.
In this paper we represent the classical braids in the Yokonuma--Hecke and the adelic Yokonuma--Hecke algebras. More precisely, we define the completion of the framed braid group and we introduce the adelic Yokonuma--Hecke algebras, in analogy to the $p$--adic framed braids and the $p$--adic Yokonuma--Hecke algebras introduced in \cite{jula,jula2}. We further construct an adelic Markov trace, analogous to the $p$--adic Markov trace constructed in \cite{jula2}, and using the traces in \cite{ju} and the adelic Markov trace we define topological invariants of classical knots and links, upon impos…
The goal of this article is twofold. First, we find a natural home for the double affine Hecke algebras (DAHA) in the physics of BPS states. Second, we introduce new invariants of torus knots and links called "hyperpolynomials" that address the "problem of negative coefficients" often encountered in DAHA-based approaches to homological invariants of torus knots and links. Furthermore, from the physics of BPS states and the spectra of singularities associated with Landau-Ginzburg potentials, we also describe a rich structure of differentials that act on homological knot invariants for exception…
In this paper, we study 2-representations of 2-quantum groups (in the sense of Rouquier and Khovanov-Lauda) categorifying tensor products of irreducible representations. Our aim is to construct knot homologies categorifying Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants of knots for arbitrary representations, which will be done in a follow-up paper. We consider an algebraic construction of these categories, via an explicit diagrammatic presentation, generalizing the cyclotomic quotient of the quiver Hecke algebra. One of our primary results is that these categories coincide when both are defined. We also inves…
We study a topological aspect of rank-1 double affine Hecke algebra (DAHA). Clarified is a relationship between the DAHA of A1-type (resp. CC1-type) and the skein algebra on a once-punctured torus (resp. a 4-punctured sphere), and the SL(2;Z) actions of DAHAs are identified with the Dehn twists on the surfaces. Combining these two types of DAHA, we construct the DAHA representation for the skein algebra on a genus-two surface, and we propose a DAHA polynomial for a double-torus knot, which is a simple closed curve on a genus two Heegaard surface in S3. Discussed is a relationship between the D…
We construct knot invariants categorifying the quantum knot variants for all representations of quantum groups. We show that these invariants coincide with previous invariants defined by Khovanov for sl_2 and sl_3 and by Mazorchuk-Stroppel and Sussan for sl_n. Our technique is to study 2-representations of 2-quantum groups (in the sense of Rouquier and Khovanov-Lauda) categorifying tensor products of irreducible representations. These are the representation categories of certain finite dimensional algebras with an explicit diagrammatic presentation, generalizing the cyclotomic quotient of the …
The Murphy operators in the Hecke algebra H_n of type A are explicit commuting elements, whose symmetric functions are central in H_n. In [Skein theory and the Murphy operators, J. Knot Theory Ramif. 11 (2002), 475-492] I defined geometrically a homomorphism from the Homfly skein C of the annulus to the centre of each algebra H_n, and found an element P_m in C, independent of n, whose image, up to an explicit linear combination with the identity of H_n, is the m-th power sum of the Murphy operators. The aim of this paper is to give simple geometric representatives for the elements P_m, and to …
