A zero-one matrix $M$ contains a zero-one matrix $A$ if one can delete some rows and columns of $M$, and turn some 1-entries into 0-entries such that the resulting matrix is $A$. The extremal number of $A$, denoted by $ex(n,A)$, is the maximum number of $1$-entries in an $n\times n$ sized matrix $M$ that does not contain $A$.
A matrix $A$ is column-$t$-partite (or row-$t$-partite), if it can be cut along the columns (or rows) into $t$ submatrices such that every row (or column) of these submatrices contains at most one $1$-entry. We prove that if $A$ is column-$t$-partite, then $ex(n,A)<n^{2-\frac{1}{t}+\frac{1}{2t^{2}}+o(1)}$, and if $A$ is both column- and row-$t$-partite, then $ex(n,A)<n^{2-\frac{1}{t}+o(1)}$. Our proof combines a novel density-increment-type argument with the celebrated dependent random choice method.
Results about the extremal numbers of zero-one matrices translate into results about the Turán numbers of bipartite ordered graphs. In particular, a zero-one matrix with at most $t$ 1-entries in each row corresponds to a bipartite ordered graph with maximum degree $t$ in one of its vertex classes. Our results are partially motivated by a well known result of Füredi (1991) and Alon, Krivelevich, Sudakov (2003) stating that if $H$ is a bipartite graph with maximum degree $t$ in one of the vertex classes, then $ex(n,H)=O(n^{2-\frac{1}{t}})$. The aim of the present paper is to establish similar general results about the extremal numbers of ordered graphs.
Partially ordered patterns (POPs) generalize the notion of classical patterns studied in the literature in the context of permutations, words, compositions and partitions. In this paper, we give a number of general, and specific enumerative results for POPs in permutations defined by bipartite graphs, substantially extending the list of known results in this direction. In particular, we completely characterize the Wilf-equivalence for patterns defined by the N-shape posets.
Bipartite Graphs Are Not Well-Quasi-Ordered by Bipartite Minors
David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学 David R. Cheriton 计算机科学学院）；Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University（查理大学数学物理学院应用数学系）
We study bipartite graphs partially ordered by the induced subgraph relation. Our goal is to distinguish classes of bipartite graphs which are or are not well-quasi-ordered (wqo) by this relation. Answering an open question from \cite{Ding92}, we prove that $P_7$-free bipartite graphs are not wqo. On the other hand, we show that $P_6$-free bipartite graphs are wqo. We also obtain some partial results on subclasses of bipartite graphs defined by forbidding more than one induced subgraph.
A \emph{directional labeling} of an edge $\emph{uv}$ in a graph $G=(V,E)$ by an ordered pair $ab$ is a labeling of the edge $uv$ such that the label on $uv$ in the direction from $u$ to $v$ is $\ell(uv)=ab$, and $\ell(vu)=ba$. New characterizations of 2-colorable (bipartite) and 3-colorable graphs are obtained in terms of directional labeling of edges of a graph by ordered pairs $ab$ and $ba$. In addition we obtain characterizations of 2-colorable and 3-colorable graphs in terms of matrices called directional adjacency matrices.
This paper is a contribution to the study of hereditary classes of relational structures, these classes being quasi-ordered by embeddability. It deals with the specific case of ordered sets of width two and the corresponding bichains and incomparability graphs. Several open problems about hereditary classes of relational structures which have been considered over the years have positive answer in this case. For example, well-quasi-ordered hereditary classes of finite bipartite permutation graphs, respectively finite 321-avoiding permutations, have been characterized by Korpelainen, Lozin and M…
For graph $G$, $F$ and integer $n$, the generalized Tuán number $ex(n,G,F)$ denotes the maximum number of copies of $G$ that an $F$-free $n$-vertex graph can have. We study this parameter when both $G$ and $F$ are complete bipartite graphs.
An $n$-by-$n$ bipartite graph is $H$-saturated if the addition of any missing edge between its two parts creates a new copy of $H$. In 1964, Erdős, Hajnal and Moon made a conjecture on the minimum number of edges in a $K_{s,s}$-saturated bipartite graph. This conjecture was proved independently by Wessel and Bollobás in a more general, but ordered, setting: they showed that the minimum number of edges in a $K_{(s,t)}$-saturated bipartite graph is $n^2-(n-s+1)(n-t+1)$, where $K_{(s,t)}$ is the "ordered" complete bipartite graph with $s$ vertices in the first color class and $t$ vertices in the …
The bipartite Turán number of a graph $H$, denoted by $ex(m,n; H)$, is the maximum number of edges in any bipartite graph $G=(X,Y; E)$ with $|X|=m$ and $|Y|=n$ which does not contain $H$ as a subgraph. In this paper, we determined $ex(m,n; F_{\ell})$ for arbitrary $\ell$ and appropriately large $n$ with comparing to $m$ and $\ell$, where $F_\ell$ is a linear forest which consists of $\ell$ vertex disjoint paths. Moreover, the extremal graphs have been characterized. Furthermore, these results are used to obtain the maximum spectral radius of bipartite graphs which does not contain $F_{\ell}$ a…
This paper considers an edge minimization problem in saturated bipartite graphs. An $n$ by $n$ bipartite graph $G$ is $H$-saturated if $G$ does not contain a subgraph isomorphic to $H$ but adding any missing edge to $G$ creates a copy of $H$. More than half a century ago, Wessel and Bollobás independently solved the problem of minimizing the number of edges in $K_{(s,t)}$-saturated graphs, where $K_{(s,t)}$ is the `ordered' complete bipartite graph with $s$ vertices from the first color class and $t$ from the second. However, the very natural `unordered' analogue of this problem was considered…
We consider an infinite version of the bipartite Turán problem. Let $G$ be an infinite graph with $V(G) = \mathbb{N}$ and let $G_n$ be the $n$-vertex subgraph of $G$ induced by the vertices $\{1,2, \dots, n \}$. We show that if $G$ is $K_{2,t+1}$-free then for infinitely many $n$, $e(G_n) \leq 0.471 \sqrt{t} n^{3/2}$. Using the $K_{2,t+1}$-free graphs constructed by Füredi, we construct an infinite $K_{2,t+1}$-free graph with $e(G_n) \geq 0.23 \sqrt{t}n^{3/2}$ for all $n \geq n_0$.
The extremal number of a graph $H$, denoted by $\mbox{ex}(n,H)$, is the maximum number of edges in a graph on $n$ vertices that does not contain $H$. The celebrated Kővári-Sós-Turán theorem says that for a complete bipartite graph with parts of size $t\leq s$ the extremal number is $\mbox{ex}(K_{s,t})=O(n^{2-1/t})$. It is also known that this bound is sharp if $s>(t-1)!$. In this paper, we prove that if $H$ is a bipartite graph such that all vertices in one of its parts have degree at most $t$, but $H$ contains no copy of $K_{t,t}$, then $\mbox{ex}(n,H)=o(n^{2-1/t})$. This verifies a conjectur…
Let $\mathrm{rex}(n, F)$ denote the maximum number of edges in an $n$-vertex graph that is regular and does not contain $F$ as a subgraph. We give lower bounds on $\mathrm{rex}(n, F)$, that are best possible up to a constant factor, when $F$ is one of $C_4$, $K_{2,t}$, $K_{3,3}$ or $K_{s,t}$ when $t>s!$.
Let the bipartite Turán number $ex(m,n,H)$ of a graph $H$ be the maximum number of edges in an $H$-free bipartite graph with two parts of sizes $m$ and $n$, respectively. In this paper, we prove that $ex(m,n,C_{2t})=(t-1)n+m-t+1$ for any positive integers $m,n,t$ with $n\geq m\geq t\geq \frac{m}{2}+1$. This confirms the rest of a conjecture of Györi \cite{G97} (in a stronger form), and improves the upper bound of $ex(m,n,C_{2t})$ obtained by Jiang and Ma \cite{JM18} for this range. We also prove a tight edge condition for consecutive even cycles in bipartite graphs, which settles a conjecture …
We consider the Turán problems of $2$-edge-colored graphs. A $2$-edge-colored graph $H=(V, E_r, E_b)$ is a triple consisting of the vertex set $V$, the set of red edges $E_r$ and the set of blue edges $E_b$ with $E_r$ and $E_b$ do not have to be disjoint. The Turán density $π(H)$ of $H$ is defined to be $\lim_{n\to\infty} \max_{G_n}h_n(G_n)$, where $G_n$ is chosen among all possible $2$-edge-colored graphs on $n$ vertices containing no $H$ as a sub-graph and $h_n(G_n)=(|E_r(G)|+|E_b(G)|)/{n\choose 2}$ is the formula to measure the edge density of $G_n$. We will determine the Turán densities of…
Loh, Tait, Timmons and Zhou introduced the notion of induced Turán numbers, defining $\operatorname{ex}(n, \{H, F\text{-ind}\})$ to be the greatest number of edges in an $n$-vertex graph with no copy of $H$ and no induced copy of $F$. Their and subsequent work has focussed on $F$ being a complete bipartite graph. In this short note, we complement this focus by asymptotically determining the induced Turán number whenever $H$ is not bipartite and $F$ is not an independent set nor a complete bipartite graph.
Let $k \ge 2$ be an integer. We show that if $s = 2$ and $t \ge 2$, or $s = t = 3$, then the maximum possible number of edges in a $C_{2k+1}$-free graph containing no induced copy of $K_{s,t}$ is asymptotically equal to $(t - s + 1)^{1/s}\left(\frac{n}{2}\right)^{2-1/s}$ except when $k = s = t = 2$. This strengthens a result of Allen, Keevash, Sudakov and Verstraëte and answers a question of Loh, Tait and Timmons.
In this paper we initiate a systematic study of the Turán problem for edge-ordered graphs. A simple graph is called $\textit{edge-ordered}$, if its edges are linearly ordered. An isomorphism between edge-ordered graphs must respect the edge-order. A subgraph of an edge-ordered graph is itself an edge-ordered graph with the induced edge-order. We say that an edge-ordered graph $G$ $\textit{avoids}$ another edge-ordered graph $H$, if no subgraph of $G$ is isomorphic to $H$. The $\textit{Turán number}$ of an edge-ordered graph $H$ is the maximum number of edges in an edge-ordered graph on $n$ ver…
Given a graph $H$, the Turán number $ex(n,H)$ is the largest number of edges in an $H$-free graph on $n$ vertices. We make progress on a recent conjecture of Conlon, Janzer, and Lee on the Turán numbers of bipartite graphs, which in turn yields further progress on a conjecture of Erdős and Simonovits. Let $s,t,k\geq 2$ be integers. Let $K_{s,t}^k$ denote the graph obtained from the complete bipartite graph $K_{s,t}$ by replacing each edge $uv$ in it with a path of length $k$ between $u$ and $v$ such that the $st$ replacing paths are internally disjoint. It follows from a general theorem of Buk…
Given graphs $H$ and $F$ with $χ(H)<χ(F)$, we say that $H$ is weakly $F$-Turán-good if among $n$-vertex $F$-free graphs, a $(χ(F)-1)$-partite graph contains the most copies of $H$. Let $H$ be a bipartite graph that contains a complete bipartite subgraph $K$ such that each vertex of $H$ is adjacent to a vertex of $K$. We show that $H$ is weakly $K_3$-Turán-good, improving a very recent asymptotic bound due to Grzesik, Gy\H ori, Salia and Tompkins. They also showed that for any $r$ there exist graphs that are not weakly $K_r$-Turán-good. We show that for any non-bipartite $F$ there exists graphs…
Given two graphs $G$ and $H$ with $H\subseteq G$ we consider the anti-Ramsey function $AR(G,H)$ which is the maximum number of colors in any edge-coloring of $G$ so that every copy of $H$ receives the same color on at least one pair of edges. The classical Turán function for a graph $G$ and family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$, written $ex(G,\mathcal{F})$, is defined as the maximum number of edges of a subgraph of $G$ not containing any member of $\mathcal{F}$. We show that there exists a constant $c>0$ so that $AR(K_n,K_{s,t})-ex(K_n,K_{s,t})<cn$ and $c$ depends only on $s$ and $t$, which implies $…
In this paper we use the Klazar-Marcus-Tardos method to prove that if a hereditary property of partitions P has super-exponential speed, then for every k-permutation pi, P contains the partition of [2k] with parts {i, pi(i) + k}, where 1 <= i <= k. We also prove a similar jump, from exponential to factorial, in the possible speeds of monotone properties of ordered graphs, and of hereditary properties of ordered graphs not containing large complete, or complete bipartite ordered graphs. Our results generalize the Stanley-Wilf Conjecture on the number of n-permutations avoiding a fixed permutati…
For an odd integer $k$, let $\mathcal{C}_k = \{C_3,C_5,...,C_k\}$ denote the family of all odd cycles of length at most $k$ and let $\mathcal{C}$ denote the family of all odd cycles. Erdős and Simonovits \cite{ESi1} conjectured that for every family $\mathcal{F}$ of bipartite graphs, there exists $k$ such that $\ex{n}{\mathcal{F} \cup \mathcal{C}_k} \sim \ex{n}{\mathcal{F} \cup \mathcal{C}}$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. This conjecture was proved by Erdős and Simonovits when $\mathcal{F} = \{C_4\}$, and for certain families of even cycles in \cite{KSV}. In this paper, we give a general approach …
Recently, the saturation problem of $0$-$1$ matrices gained a lot of attention. This problem can be regarded as a saturation problem of ordered bipartite graphs. Motivated by this, we initiate the study of the saturation problem of ordered and cyclically ordered graphs. We prove that dichotomy holds also in these two cases, i.e., for a (cyclically) ordered graph its saturation function is either bounded or linear. We also determine the order of magnitude for large classes of (cyclically) ordered graphs, giving infinite many examples exhibiting both possible behaviours, answering a problem of P…
An ordered hypergraph is a hypergraph $G$ whose vertex set $V(G)$ is linearly ordered. We find the Turán numbers for the $r$-uniform $s$-vertex tight path $P^{(r)}_s$ (with vertices in the natural order) exactly when $r\le s < 2r$ and $n$ is even; our results imply $\mathrm{ex}_{>}(n,P^{(r)}_s)=(1-\frac{1}{2^{s-r}} + o(1))\binom{n}{r}$ when $r\le s<2r$. When $r\ge 2s$, the asymptotics of $\mathrm{ex}_{>}(n,P^{(r)}_s)$ remain open. For $r=3$, we give a construction of an $r$-uniform $n$-vertex hypergraph not containing $P^{(r)}_s$ which we conjecture to be asymptotically extremal.
We introduce and study a variant of Ramsey numbers for edge-ordered graphs, that is, graphs with linearly ordered sets of edges. The edge-ordered Ramsey number $\overline{R}_e(\mathfrak{G})$ of an edge-ordered graph $\mathfrak{G}$ is the minimum positive integer $N$ such that there exists an edge-ordered complete graph $\mathfrak{K}_N$ on $N$ vertices such that every 2-coloring of the edges of $\mathfrak{K}_N$ contains a monochromatic copy of $\mathfrak{G}$ as an edge-ordered subgraph of $\mathfrak{K}_N$. We prove that the edge-ordered Ramsey number $\overline{R}_e(\mathfrak{G})$ is finite for…
An ordered graph $H$ is a simple graph with a linear order on its vertex set. The corresponding Turán problem, first studied by Pach and Tardos, asks for the maximum number $\text{ex}_<(n,H)$ of edges in an ordered graph on $n$ vertices that does not contain $H$ as an ordered subgraph. It is known that $\text{ex}_<(n,H) > n^{1+\varepsilon}$ for some positive $\varepsilon=\varepsilon(H)$ unless $H$ is a forest that has a proper 2-coloring with one color class totally preceding the other one. Making progress towards a conjecture of Pach and Tardos, we prove that $\text{ex}_<(n,H) =n^{1+o(1)}$ ho…
Polynomial algorithms are given for the following two problems: given a graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, where $m \ge 3 n^{3/2}$, find a complete balanced bipartite subgraph with parts about $\ln n/(\ln (n^2/m))$, given a graph with $n$ vertices, find a decomposition of its edges into complete balanced bipartite graphs having altogether $O(n^2 / \ln n)$ vertices. Previous proofs of the existence of such objects, due to Kővári-Sós-Turán, Chung-Erdős-Spencer, Bublitz and Tuza were non-constructive.
In 1981, Erdős and Simonovits conjectured that for any bipartite graph $H$ we have $\mathrm{ex}(n,H)=O(n^{3/2})$ if and only if $H$ is $2$-degenerate. Later, Erdős offered 250 dollars for a proof and 500 dollars for a counterexample. In this paper, we disprove the conjecture by finding, for any $\varepsilon>0$, a $3$-regular bipartite graph $H$ with $\mathrm{ex}(n,H)=O(n^{4/3+\varepsilon})$.
For positive integers $s,t,r$, let $K_{s,t}^{(r)}$ denote the $r$-uniform hypergraph whose vertex set is the union of pairwise disjoint sets $X,Y_1,\dots,Y_t$, where $|X| = s$ and $|Y_1| = \dots = |Y_t| = r-1$, and whose edge set is $\{\{x\} \cup Y_i: x \in X, 1\leq i\leq t\}$. The study of the Turán function of $K_{s,t}^{(r)}$ received considerable interest in recent years. Our main results are as follows. First, we show that \begin{equation} \mathrm{ex}(n,K_{s,t}^{(r)}) = O_{s,r}(t^{\frac{1}{s-1}}n^{r - \frac{1}{s-1}}) \end{equation} for all $s,t\geq 2$ and $r\geq 3$, improving the power of …
A classical result of Bondy and Simonovits in extremal graph theory states that if a graph on $n$ vertices contains no cycle of length $2k$ then it has at most $O(n^{1+1/k})$ edges. However, matching lower bounds are only known for $k=2,3,5$. In this paper we study ordered variants of this problem and prove some tight estimates for a certain class of ordered cycles that we call bordered cycles. In particular, we show that the maximum number of edges in an ordered graph avoiding bordered cycles of length at most $2k$ is $Θ(n^{1+1/k})$. Strengthening the result of Bondy and Simonovits in the cas…
A graph $G$ is called $H$-free, if it does not contain $H$ as a subgraph. In 2010, Nikiforov proposed a Brualdi-Solheid-Turán type problem: what is the maximum spectral radius of an $H$-free graph of order $n$? In this paper, we consider the Brualdi-Solheid-Turán type problem for non-bipartite graphs. Let $K_{a, b}\bullet K_3$ denote the graph obtained by identifying a vertex of $K_{a,b}$ in the part of size $b$ and a vertex of $K_3$. We prove that if $G$ is a non-bipartite graph of order $n$ satisfying $ρ(G)\geq ρ(K_{\lceil\frac{n-2}{2}\rceil, \lfloor\frac{n-2}{2}\rfloor}\bullet K_3)$, then $…
A conjecture of Erdős from 1967 asserts that any graph on $n$ vertices which does not contain a fixed $r$-degenerate bipartite graph $F$ has at most $Cn^{2-1/r}$ edges, where $C$ is a constant depending only on $F$. We show that this bound holds for a large family of $r$-degenerate bipartite graphs, including all $r$-degenerate blow-ups of trees. Our results generalise many previously proven cases of the Erdős conjecture, including the related results of Füredi and Alon, Krivelevich and Sudakov. Our proof uses supersaturation and a random walk on an auxiliary graph.
Let $t$ be an integer such that $t\geq 2$. Let $K_{2,t}^{(3)}$ denote the triple system consisting of the $2t$ triples $\{a,x_i,y_i\}$, $\{b,x_i,y_i\}$ for $1 \le i \le t$, where the elements $a, b, x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_t,$ $y_1, y_2, \ldots, y_t$ are all distinct. Let $ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})$ denote the maximum size of a triple system on $n$ elements that does not contain $K_{2,t}^{(3)}$. This function was studied by Mubayi and Verstraëte, where the special case $t=2$ was a problem of Erdős that was studied by various authors. Mubayi and Verstraëte proved that $ex(n,K_{2,t}^{(3)})<t^4\binom{n}{2}…
We characterize the bipartite graphs that minimize the (first-degree based) entropy, among all bipartite graphs of given size, or given size and (upper bound on the) order. The extremal graphs turn out to be complete bipartite graphs, or nearly complete bipartite. Here we make use of an equivalent representation of bipartite graphs by means of Young tableaux, which make it easier to compare the entropy of related graphs. We conclude that the general characterization of the extremal graphs is a difficult problem, due to its connections with number theory, but they are easy to find for specific …
A certain squarefree monomial ideal $H_P$ arising from a finite partially ordered set $P$ will be studied from viewpoints of both commutative algebra and combinatorics. First, it is proved that the defining ideal of the Rees algebra of $H_P$ possesses a quadratic Gröbner basis. Thus in particular all powers of $H_P$ have linear resolutions. Second, the minimal free graded resolution of $H_P$ will be constructed explicitly and a combinatorial formula to compute the Betti numbers of $H_P$ will be presented. Third, by using the fact that the Alexander dual of the simplicial complex $Δ$ whose Stan…
