This chapter gives an overview of recent advances in the field of biomedical text summarization. Different types of challenges are introduced, and methods are discussed concerning the type of challenge that they address. Biomedical literature summarization is explored as a leading trend in the field, and some future lines of work are pointed out. Underlying methods of recent summarization systems are briefly explained and the most significant evaluation results are mentioned. The primary purpose of this chapter is to review the most significant research efforts made in the current decade toward new methods of biomedical text summarization. As the main parts of this chapter, current trends are discussed and new challenges are introduced.
In recent years, summarizers that incorporate domain knowledge into the process of text summarization have outperformed generic methods, especially for summarization of biomedical texts. However, construction and maintenance of domain knowledge bases are resource-intense tasks requiring significant manual annotation. In this paper, we demonstrate that contextualized representations extracted from the pre-trained deep language model BERT, can be effectively used to measure the similarity between sentences and to quantify the informative content. The results show that our BERT-based summarizer c…
Text summarization in medicine can help doctors for reducing the time to access important information from countless documents. The paper offers a supervised extractive summarization method based on conditional generative adversarial networks using convolutional neural networks. Unlike previous models, which often use greedy methods to select sentences, we use a new approach for selecting sentences. Moreover, we provide a network for biomedical word embedding, which improves summarization. An essential contribution of the paper is introducing a new loss function for the discriminator, making t…
Automatic text summarization tools help users in biomedical domain to acquire their intended information from various textual resources more efficiently. Some of the biomedical text summarization systems put the basis of their sentence selection approach on the frequency of concepts extracted from the input text. However, it seems that exploring other measures rather than the frequency for identifying the valuable content of the input document, and considering the correlations existing between concepts may be more useful for this type of summarization. In this paper, we describe a Bayesian sum…
In recent years, many methods have been developed to identify important portions of text documents. Summarization tools can utilize these methods to extract summaries from large volumes of textual information. However, to identify concepts representing central ideas within a text document and to extract the most informative sentences that best convey those concepts still remain two crucial tasks in summarization methods. In this paper, we introduce a graph-based method to address these two challenges in the context of biomedical text summarization. We show that how a summarizer can discover me…
As part of the large number of scientific articles being published every year, the publication rate of biomedical literature has been increasing. Consequently, there has been considerable effort to harness and summarize the massive amount of biomedical research articles. While transformer-based encoder-decoder models in a vanilla source document-to-summary setting have been extensively studied for abstractive summarization in different domains, their major limitations continue to be entity hallucination (a phenomenon where generated summaries constitute entities not related to or present in so…
In the era of clinical information explosion, a good strategy for clinical text summarization is helpful to improve the clinical workflow. The ideal summarization strategy can preserve important information in the informative but less organized, ill-structured clinical narrative texts. Instead of using pure statistical learning approaches, which are difficult to interpret and explain, we utilized knowledge of computational linguistics with human experts-curated biomedical knowledge base to achieve the interpretable and meaningful clinical text summarization. Our research objective is to use th…
Weill Medical College, Cornell University（康奈尔大学威尔医学院）
With the rapid development of precision medicine, a large amount of health data (such as electronic health records, gene sequencing, medical images, etc.) has been produced. It encourages more and more interest in data-driven insight discovery from these data. It is a reasonable way to verify the derived insights in biomedical literature. However, manual verification is inefficient and not scalable. Therefore, an intelligent technique is necessary to solve this problem. In this paper, we propose a task of biomedical evidence generation, which is very novel and different from existing NLP tasks…
Despite some recent advances, automatic text summarization remains unreliable, elusive, and of limited practical use in applications. Two main problems with current summarization methods are well known: evaluation and factual consistency. To address these issues, we propose a new automatic reference-less text summarization evaluation system that can measure the quality of any text summarization model with a set of generated facts based on factual consistency, comprehensiveness, and compression rate. As far as we know, our evaluation system is the first system that measures the overarching qual…
Automatic summarization is the process of shortening a set of textual data computationally, to create a subset (a summary) that represents the most important pieces of information in the original text. Existing summarization methods can be roughly divided into two types: extractive and abstractive. An extractive summarizer explicitly selects text snippets (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) from the source document, while an abstractive summarizer generates novel text snippets to convey the most salient concepts prevalent in the source.
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela（鲁尔克拉国立技术学院）
In recent times, data is growing rapidly in every domain such as news, social media, banking, education, etc. Due to the excessiveness of data, there is a need of automatic summarizer which will be capable to summarize the data especially textual data in original document without losing any critical purposes. Text summarization is emerged as an important research area in recent past. In this regard, review of existing work on text summarization process is useful for carrying out further research. In this paper, recent literature on automatic keyword extraction and text summarization are presen…
Northeastern University（东北大学）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）
We consider the problem of automatically generating a narrative biomedical evidence summary from multiple trial reports. We evaluate modern neural models for abstractive summarization of relevant article abstracts from systematic reviews previously conducted by members of the Cochrane collaboration, using the authors conclusions section of the review abstract as our target. We enlist medical professionals to evaluate generated summaries, and we find that modern summarization systems yield consistently fluent and relevant synopses, but that they are not always factual. We propose new approaches…
Text summarization and text simplification are two major ways to simplify the text for poor readers, including children, non-native speakers, and the functionally illiterate. Text summarization is to produce a brief summary of the main ideas of the text, while text simplification aims to reduce the linguistic complexity of the text and retain the original meaning. Recently, most approaches for text summarization and text simplification are based on the sequence-to-sequence model, which achieves much success in many text generation tasks. However, although the generated simplified texts are sim…
Text Summarization has been an extensively studied problem. Traditional approaches to text summarization rely heavily on feature engineering. In contrast to this, we propose a fully data-driven approach using feedforward neural networks for single document summarization. We train and evaluate the model on standard DUC 2002 dataset which shows results comparable to the state of the art models. The proposed model is scalable and is able to produce the summary of arbitrarily sized documents by breaking the original document into fixed sized parts and then feeding it recursively to the network.
In this paper, we exploit the innate document segment structure for improving the extractive summarization task. We build two text segmentation models and find the most optimal strategy to introduce their output predictions in an extractive summarization model. Experimental results on a corpus of scientific articles show that extractive summarization benefits from using a highly accurate segmentation method. In particular, most of the improvement is in documents where the most relevant information is not at the beginning thus, we conclude that segmentation helps in reducing the lead bias probl…
University of Georgia（佐治亚大学）；Institute of Bioinformatics（生物信息学研究所）
In recent years, there has been a explosion in the amount of text data from a variety of sources. This volume of text is an invaluable source of information and knowledge which needs to be effectively summarized to be useful. In this review, the main approaches to automatic text summarization are described. We review the different processes for summarization and describe the effectiveness and shortcomings of the different methods.
StatNLP Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学StatNLP研究组）；Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China（微软亚洲研究院，北京）
Abstractive document summarization is usually modeled as a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) learning problem. Unfortunately, training large Seq2Seq based summarization models on limited supervised summarization data is challenging. This paper presents three pre-training objectives which allow us to pre-train a Seq2Seq based abstractive summarization model on unlabeled text. The main idea is that, given an input text artificially constructed from a document, a model is pre-trained to reinstate the original document. These objectives include sentence reordering, next sentence generation, and maske…
This paper proposes a novel Ontology-based and user-focused Automatic Text Summarization (OATS) system, in the setting where the goal is to automatically generate text summarization from unstructured text by extracting sentences containing the information that aligns to the user's focus. OATS consists of two modules: ontology-based topic identification and user-focused text summarization; it first utilizes an ontology-based approach to identify relevant documents to user's interest, and then takes advantage of the answers extracted from a question answering model using questions specified from…
Although domain shift has been well explored in many NLP applications, it still has received little attention in the domain of extractive text summarization. As a result, the model is under-utilizing the nature of the training data due to ignoring the difference in the distribution of training sets and shows poor generalization on the unseen domain. With the above limitation in mind, in this paper, we first extend the conventional definition of the domain from categories into data sources for the text summarization task. Then we re-purpose a multi-domain summarization dataset and verify how th…
Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation（语言、认知与计算研究所）；School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学信息学院）
In this paper, we focus on video-to-text summarization and investigate how to best utilize multimodal information for summarizing long inputs (e.g., an hour-long TV show) into long outputs (e.g., a multi-sentence summary). We extend SummScreen (Chen et al., 2021), a dialogue summarization dataset consisting of transcripts of TV episodes with reference summaries, and create a multimodal variant by collecting corresponding full-length videos. We incorporate multimodal information into a pre-trained textual summarizer efficiently using adapter modules augmented with a hierarchical structure while…
Current summarization systems yield generic summaries that are disconnected from users' preferences and expectations. To address this limitation, we present CTRLsum, a novel framework for controllable summarization. Our approach enables users to control multiple aspects of generated summaries by interacting with the summarization system through textual input in the form of a set of keywords or descriptive prompts. Using a single unified model, CTRLsum is able to achieve a broad scope of summary manipulation at inference time without requiring additional human annotations or pre-defining a set …
Abstractive summarization systems generally rely on large collections of document-summary pairs. However, the performance of abstractive systems remains a challenge due to the unavailability of parallel data for low-resource languages like Bengali. To overcome this problem, we propose a graph-based unsupervised abstractive summarization system in the single-document setting for Bengali text documents, which requires only a Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger and a pre-trained language model trained on Bengali texts. We also provide a human-annotated dataset with document-summary pairs to evaluate our …
The amount of text data available online is increasing at a very fast pace hence text summarization has become essential. Most of the modern recommender and text classification systems require going through a huge amount of data. Manually generating precise and fluent summaries of lengthy articles is a very tiresome and time-consuming task. Hence generating automated summaries for the data and using it to train machine learning models will make these models space and time-efficient. Extractive summarization and abstractive summarization are two separate methods of generating summaries. The ext…
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Microsoft（微软）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
Prompts with different control signals (e.g., length, keywords, etc.) can be used to control text summarization. When control signals are available, they can control the properties of generated summaries and potentially improve summarization quality (since more information are given). Unfortunately, control signals are not already available during inference time. In this paper, we propose Lotus (shorthand for Latent Prompt Tuning for Summarization), which is a single model that can be applied in both controlled and uncontrolled (without control signals) modes. During training, Lotus learns lat…
Leipzig University（莱比锡大学）；University of Southern Denmark（南丹麦大学）
This paper introduces Summary Explorer, a new tool to support the manual inspection of text summarization systems by compiling the outputs of 55~state-of-the-art single document summarization approaches on three benchmark datasets, and visually exploring them during a qualitative assessment. The underlying design of the tool considers three well-known summary quality criteria (coverage, faithfulness, and position bias), encapsulated in a guided assessment based on tailored visualizations. The tool complements existing approaches for locally debugging summarization models and improves upon them…
In the Indian court system, pending cases have long been a problem. There are more than 4 crore cases outstanding. Manually summarising hundreds of documents is a time-consuming and tedious task for legal stakeholders. Many state-of-the-art models for text summarization have emerged as machine learning has progressed. Domain-independent models don't do well with legal texts, and fine-tuning those models for the Indian Legal System is problematic due to a lack of publicly available datasets. To improve the performance of domain-independent models, the authors have proposed a methodology for nor…
Automatic evaluation metrics have been facilitating the rapid development of automatic summarization methods by providing instant and fair assessments of the quality of summaries. Most metrics have been developed for the general domain, especially news and meeting notes, or other language-generation tasks. However, these metrics are applied to evaluate summarization systems in different domains, such as biomedical question summarization. To better understand whether commonly used evaluation metrics are capable of evaluating automatic summarization in the biomedical domain, we conduct human eva…
Fraunhofer IAIS（弗劳恩霍夫智能分析与信息系统研究所）；Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning（弗劳恩霍夫机器学习中心）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）
This article briefly explains our submitted approach to the DocEng'19 competition on extractive summarization. We implemented a recurrent neural network based model that learns to classify whether an article's sentence belongs to the corresponding extractive summary or not. We bypass the lack of large annotated news corpora for extractive summarization by generating extractive summaries from abstractive ones, which are available from the CNN corpus.
Automatic text summarization, the automated process of shortening a text while reserving the main ideas of the document(s), is a critical research area in natural language processing. The aim of this literature review is to survey the recent work on neural-based models in automatic text summarization. We examine in detail ten state-of-the-art neural-based summarizers: five abstractive models and five extractive models. In addition, we discuss the related techniques that can be applied to the summarization tasks and present promising paths for future research in neural-based summarization.
Graduate School of System Design（系统设计研究生院）；Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学）
Neural network-based approaches have become widespread for abstractive text summarization. Though previously proposed models for abstractive text summarization addressed the problem of repetition of the same contents in the summary, they did not explicitly consider its information structure. One of the reasons these previous models failed to account for information structure in the generated summary is that standard datasets include summaries of variable lengths, resulting in problems in analyzing information flow, specifically, the manner in which the first sentence is related to the followin…
School of Computing and Information Systems（计算与信息系统学院）；The University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）
In this paper, we introduce a large-scale Indonesian summarization dataset. We harvest articles from Liputan6.com, an online news portal, and obtain 215,827 document-summary pairs. We leverage pre-trained language models to develop benchmark extractive and abstractive summarization methods over the dataset with multilingual and monolingual BERT-based models. We include a thorough error analysis by examining machine-generated summaries that have low ROUGE scores, and expose both issues with ROUGE it-self, as well as with extractive and abstractive summarization models.
School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）
Recent neural sequence to sequence models have provided feasible solutions for abstractive summarization. However, such models are still hard to tackle long text dependency in the summarization task. A high-quality summarization system usually depends on strong encoder which can refine important information from long input texts so that the decoder can generate salient summaries from the encoder's memory. In this paper, we propose an aggregation mechanism based on the Transformer model to address the challenge of long text representation. Our model can review history information to make encode…
Peking University（北京大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Current Chinese social media text summarization models are based on an encoder-decoder framework. Although its generated summaries are similar to source texts literally, they have low semantic relevance. In this work, our goal is to improve semantic relevance between source texts and summaries for Chinese social media summarization. We introduce a Semantic Relevance Based neural model to encourage high semantic similarity between texts and summaries. In our model, the source text is represented by a gated attention encoder, while the summary representation is produced by a decoder. Besides, th…
National Centre for Text Mining（国家文本挖掘中心）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；Chancefocus AMC
Recently, neural topic models (NTMs) have been incorporated into pre-trained language models (PLMs), to capture the global semantic information for text summarization. However, in these methods, there remain limitations in the way they capture and integrate the global semantic information. In this paper, we propose a novel model, the graph contrastive topic enhanced language model (GRETEL), that incorporates the graph contrastive topic model with the pre-trained language model, to fully leverage both the global and local contextual semantics for long document extractive summarization. To bette…
Penn State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
Recent advances in summarization provide models that can generate summaries of higher quality. Such models now exist for a number of summarization tasks, including query-based summarization, dialogue summarization, and multi-document summarization. While such models and tasks are rapidly growing in the research field, it has also become challenging for non-experts to keep track of them. To make summarization methods more accessible to a wider audience, we develop SummerTime by rethinking the summarization task from the perspective of an NLP non-expert. SummerTime is a complete toolkit for text…
In text summarization and simplification, system outputs must be evaluated along multiple dimensions such as relevance, factual consistency, fluency, and grammaticality, and a wide range of possible outputs could be of high quality. These properties make the development of an adaptable, reference-less evaluation metric both necessary and challenging. We introduce MaskEval, a reference-less metric for text summarization and simplification that operates by performing masked language modeling (MLM) on the concatenation of the candidate and the source texts. It features an attention-like weighting…
IIIS, Tsinghua University（清华大学交叉信息研究院）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute（上海期智研究院）
Contrastive learning models have achieved great success in unsupervised visual representation learning, which maximize the similarities between feature representations of different views of the same image, while minimize the similarities between feature representations of views of different images. In text summarization, the output summary is a shorter form of the input document and they have similar meanings. In this paper, we propose a contrastive learning model for supervised abstractive text summarization, where we view a document, its gold summary and its model generated summaries as diff…
With an ever increasing size of text present on the Internet, automatic summary generation remains an important problem for natural language understanding. In this work we explore a novel full-fledged pipeline for text summarization with an intermediate step of Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). The pipeline proposed by us first generates an AMR graph of an input story, through which it extracts a summary graph and finally, generate summary sentences from this summary graph. Our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results compared to the other text summarization routines based on AMR…
Text summarization is the process of extracting the most important information from the text and presenting it concisely in fewer sentences. Call transcript is a text that involves textual description of a phone conversation between a customer (caller) and agent(s) (customer representatives). This paper presents an indigenously developed method that combines topic modeling and sentence selection with punctuation restoration in condensing ill-punctuated or un-punctuated call transcripts to produce summaries that are more readable. Extensive testing, evaluation and comparisons have demonstrated …
Microsoft Cognitive Services Research（微软认知服务研究院）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
In this paper we apply self-knowledge distillation to text summarization which we argue can alleviate problems with maximum-likelihood training on single reference and noisy datasets. Instead of relying on one-hot annotation labels, our student summarization model is trained with guidance from a teacher which generates smoothed labels to help regularize training. Furthermore, to better model uncertainty during training, we introduce multiple noise signals for both teacher and student models. We demonstrate experimentally on three benchmarks that our framework boosts the performance of both pre…
This paper presents Summary Workbench, a new tool for developing and evaluating text summarization models. New models and evaluation measures can be easily integrated as Docker-based plugins, allowing to examine the quality of their summaries against any input and to evaluate them using various evaluation measures. Visual analyses combining multiple measures provide insights into the models' strengths and weaknesses. The tool is hosted at \url{https://tldr.demo.webis.de} and also supports local deployment for private resources.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Tencent America（腾讯美国）
Extractive text summarization aims at extracting the most representative sentences from a given document as its summary. To extract a good summary from a long text document, sentence embedding plays an important role. Recent studies have leveraged graph neural networks to capture the inter-sentential relationship (e.g., the discourse graph) to learn contextual sentence embedding. However, those approaches neither consider multiple types of inter-sentential relationships (e.g., semantic similarity & natural connection), nor model intra-sentential relationships (e.g, semantic & syntactic relatio…
Novel neural architectures, training strategies, and the availability of large-scale corpora haven been the driving force behind recent progress in abstractive text summarization. However, due to the black-box nature of neural models, uninformative evaluation metrics, and scarce tooling for model and data analysis, the true performance and failure modes of summarization models remain largely unknown. To address this limitation, we introduce SummVis, an open-source tool for visualizing abstractive summaries that enables fine-grained analysis of the models, data, and evaluation metrics associate…
Westlake University（西湖大学）；Westlake Institute for Advanced Study（西湖高等研究院）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Tencent SPPD（腾讯可持续社会价值事业部）
Deep learning has led to significant improvement in text summarization with various methods investigated and improved ROUGE scores reported over the years. However, gaps still exist between summaries produced by automatic summarizers and human professionals. Aiming to gain more understanding of summarization systems with respect to their strengths and limits on a fine-grained syntactic and semantic level, we consult the Multidimensional Quality Metric(MQM) and quantify 8 major sources of errors on 10 representative summarization models manually. Primarily, we find that 1) under similar setting…
We develop models and extract relevant features for automatic text summarization and investigate the performance of different models on the DUC 2001 dataset. Two different models were developed, one being a ridge regressor and the other one was a multi-layer perceptron. The hyperparameters were varied and their performance were noted. We segregated the summarization task into 2 main steps, the first being sentence ranking and the second step being sentence selection. In the first step, given a document, we sort the sentences based on their Importance, and in the second step, in order to obtain…
Ecole nationale Supérieure d’Informatique (ESI, ex. INI)（阿尔及利亚阿尔及尔高等国立计算机学院（ESI，前身为INI））
Summaries are important when it comes to process huge amounts of information. Their most important benefit is saving time, which we do not have much nowadays. Therefore, a summary must be short, representative and readable. Generating summaries automatically can be beneficial for humans, since it can save time and help selecting relevant documents. Automatic summarization and, in particular, Automatic text summarization (ATS) is not a new research field; It was known since the 50s. Since then, researchers have been active to find the perfect summarization method. In this article, we will discu…
pressrelations GmbH（pressrelations有限公司）；Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf（海因里希·海涅杜塞尔多夫大学）
In this work, we present the results of a systematic study to investigate the (commercial) benefits of automatic text summarization systems in a real world scenario. More specifically, we define a use case in the context of media monitoring and media response analysis and claim that even using a simple query-based extractive approach can dramatically save the processing time of the employees without significantly reducing the quality of their work.
Back-translation based approaches have recently lead to significant progress in unsupervised sequence-to-sequence tasks such as machine translation or style transfer. In this work, we extend the paradigm to the problem of learning a sentence summarization system from unaligned data. We present several initial models which rely on the asymmetrical nature of the task to perform the first back-translation step, and demonstrate the value of combining the data created by these diverse initialization methods. Our system outperforms the current state-of-the-art for unsupervised sentence summarization…
Document summarization, as a fundamental task in natural language generation, aims to generate a short and coherent summary for a given document. Controllable summarization, especially of the length, is an important issue for some practical applications, especially how to trade-off the length constraint and information integrity. In this paper, we propose an \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{L}ength \textbf{C}ontrolling \textbf{O}ptimization (\textbf{ALCO}) method to leverage two-stage abstractive summarization model via reinforcement learning. ALCO incorporates length constraint into the stage of sen…
Case Western Reserve University（凯斯西储大学）；National Cancer Institute（国家癌症研究所）；University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市科学大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Text summarization is a challenging task within natural language processing that involves text generation from lengthy input sequences. While this task has been widely studied in English, there is very limited research on summarization for Vietnamese text. In this paper, we investigate the robustness of transformer-based encoder-decoder architectures for Vietnamese abstractive summarization. Leveraging transfer learning and self-supervised learning, we validate the performance of the methods on two Vietnamese datasets.
Mila（米拉研究中心）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Microsoft Dynamics 365 AI Research（微软Dynamics 365人工智能研究院）
Pre-trained neural abstractive summarization systems have dominated extractive strategies on news summarization performance, at least in terms of ROUGE. However, system-generated abstractive summaries often face the pitfall of factual inconsistency: generating incorrect facts with respect to the source text. To address this challenge, we propose Span-Fact, a suite of two factual correction models that leverages knowledge learned from question answering models to make corrections in system-generated summaries via span selection. Our models employ single or multi-masking strategies to either ite…
Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch（伊斯兰阿扎德大学北德黑兰分校）；Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）
Text summarization is one of the most critical Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. More and more researches are conducted in this field every day. Pre-trained transformer-based encoder-decoder models have begun to gain popularity for these tasks. This paper proposes two methods to address this task and introduces a novel dataset named pn-summary for Persian abstractive text summarization. The models employed in this paper are mT5 and an encoder-decoder version of the ParsBERT model (i.e., a monolingual BERT model for Persian). These models are fine-tuned on the pn-summary dataset. The cur…
The work presented in this paper attempts to evaluate and quantify the use of discourse relations in the context of blog summarization and compare their use to more traditional and factual texts. Specifically, we measured the usefulness of 6 discourse relations - namely comparison, contingency, illustration, attribution, topic-opinion, and attributive for the task of text summarization from blogs. We have evaluated the effect of each relation using the TAC 2008 opinion summarization dataset and compared them with the results with the DUC 2007 dataset. The results show that in both textual genr…
