The Schur class, denoted by $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D})$, is the set of all functions analytic and bounded by one in modulus in the open unit disc $\mathbb{D}$ in the complex plane $\mathbb{C}$, that is \[ \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D}) = \{φ\in H^\infty(\mathbb{D}): \|φ\|_{\infty} := \sup_{z \in \mathbb{D}} |φ(z)| \leq 1\}. \] The elements of $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D})$ are called Schur functions. A classical result going back to I. Schur states: A function $φ: \mathbb{D} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ is in $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D})$ if and only if there exist a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ and an isometry (known as colligation operator matrix or scattering operator matrix) \[ V = \begin{bmatrix} a & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} : \mathbb{C} \oplus \mathcal{H} \rightarrow \mathbb{C} \oplus \mathcal{H}, \] such that $φ$ admits a transfer function realization corresponding to $V$, that is \[ φ(z) = a + z B (I_{\mathcal{H}} - z D)^{-1} C \quad \quad (z \in \mathbb{D}). \] An analogous statement holds true for Schur functions on the bidisc. On the other hand, Schur-Agler class functions on the unit polydisc in $\mathbb{C}^n$ is a well-known "analogue" of Schur functions on $\mathbb{D}$. In this paper, we present algorithms to factorize Schur functions and Schur-Agler class functions in terms of colligation matrices. More precisely, we isolate checkable conditions on colligation matrices that ensure the existence of Schur (Schur-Agler class) factors of a Schur (Schur-Agler class) function and vice versa.
We study factorizations of operator valued functions of weighted Schur classes over multiply-connected domains. There is a correspondence between functions from weighted Schur classes and so-called ``conservative curved'' systems introduced in the paper. We show that the fundamental relationship between invariant subspaces of the main operator of a conservative system and factorizations of the corresponding operator valued function of Schur class, which is well known in the case of the unit disk, can be extended to our case. We develop new notions and constructions and discuss changes that sho…
Grothendieck's inequalities for operators and bilinear forms imply some factorization results for complex m x n matrices. Based on the theory of operator spaces and completely bounded mappings we present norm optimal versions of these results and two norm optimal factorization results related to the Schur product. We show that the spaces of respectively bilinear forms and Schur multipliers are conjugate duals to each other with respect to their completely bounded norms.
We study various aspects of Schur analysis in the slice hyperholomorphic setting. We present two sets of results: first, we give new results on the functional calculus for slice hyperholomorphic functions. In particular, we introduce and study some properties of the Riesz projectors. Then we prove a Beurling-Lax type theorem, the so-called structure theorem. A crucial fact which allows to prove our results, is the fact that the right spectrum of a quaternionic linear operator and the S-spectrum coincide. Finally, we study the Krein-Langer factorization for slice hyperholomorphic generalized Sc…
Realization theory for operator colligations on Pontryagin spaces is used to study interpolation and factorization in generalized Schur classes. Several criteria are derived which imply that a given function is almost the restriction of a generalized Schur function. The role of realization theory in coefficient problems is also discussed.
We study representations of inner functions on the bidisc from a fractional linear transformation point of view, and provide sufficient conditions, in terms of colligation matrices, for the existence of two-variable inner functions. Here the sufficient conditions are not necessary in general, and we prove a weak converse for rational inner functions that admit one variable factorization. We present a complete classification of de Branges-Rovnyak kernels on the bidisc (which equally works in the setting of polydisc and the open unit ball of $\mathbb{C}^n$, $n \geq 1$). We also classify, in term…
Let G be a block matrix function with one diagonal block A being positive definite and the off diagonal blocks complex conjugates of each other. Conditions are obtained for G to be factorable (in particular, with zero partial indices) in terms of the Schur complement of A.
For an $m \times n$ complex matrix $X$ of rank $r$ with Schur multiplier $S_X$ we show that there exist an $ r \times m $ complex matrix $L$ and an $ r\times n $ complex matrix $R$ such that $X = L^*R$ and $\|S_X\|\, =\, \|\mathrm{diag} (L^*L) \|^{\frac{1}{2}} \| \mathrm{diag} (R^*R) \| ^{\frac{1}{2}},$ and the norm condition is optimal. Let the completely bounded norm of the bilinear form $B_X$ induced by $X$ on $(\mathbb{C}^m, \|.\|_\infty) \times (\mathbb{C}^n, \|.\|_\infty)$ be denoted $\|B_X\|_{cb},$ then $X$ has a factorization $ X = Δ(η)^* C Δ(ξ)$ with $η$ in $\mathbb{C}^m,$ $ξ$ in $\ma…
We introduce the notion of characteristic functions for commuting tuples of hypercontractions on Hilbert spaces, as a generalization of the notion of Sz.-Nagy and Foias characteristic functions of contractions. We present an explicit method to compute characteristic functions of hypercontractions and relate characteristic functions by means of the factors of Schur-Agler class of functions and universal multipliers on the unit ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$. We also offer some factorization properties of multipliers. Characteristic functions of hypercontrctions are complete unitary invariant. The Drury…
Recent work on recurrence in quantum walks has provided a representation of Schur functions in terms of unitary operators. We propose a generalization of Schur functions by extending this operator representation to arbitrary operators on Banach spaces. Such generalized Schur functions meet the formal structure of first return generating functions, thus we call them FR-functions. We derive general properties of FR-functions, among them a generalization of the renewal equation already known for random and quantum walks, as well as splitting properties which extend useful factorizations of Schur …
We prove two results with regard to rational inner functions in the Schur-Agler class of the tridisk. Every rational inner function of degree (n,1,1) is in the Schur-Agler class, and every rational inner function of degree (n,m,1) is in the Schur-Agler class after multiplication by a monomial of sufficiently high degree.
We show that the factorization problem $θ(z)=θ_2(z)θ_1(z)$ is solvable in the class of Hilbert space operator-valued functions holomorphic on some neighbourhood of $z=0$ in $\nspace{C}{N}$ and having a zero at $z=0$ (here $θ(z)$ has a multiple zero at $z=0$). Such a factorization problem becomes more complicated if we demand for $θ(z), θ_1(z)$ and $θ_2(z)$ to be Agler--Schur-class functions on the polydisk $\nspace{D}{N}$ and for the factorization identity to hold in $\nspace{D}{N}$. In this case we reduce it to the problem on the existence of a cascade decomposition for certain multiparametri…
A certain kernel (sometimes called the Pick kernel) associated to Schur functions on the disk is always positive semi-definite. A generalization of this fact is well-known for Schur functions on the polydisk. In this article, we show that the Pick kernel on the polydisk has a great deal of structure beyond being positive semi-definite. It can always be split into two kernels possessing certain shift invariance properties.
The CMV matrices and their sub-matrices are applied to the description of all solutions to the Schur interpolation problem for contractive analytic operator-valued functions in the unit disk (the Schur class functions).
Let mu be a probability measure on the Borelian sigma-algebra of the unit circle. Then we associate a Schur function theta in the unit disk with mu and give characterizations of the case that mu is a Helson-Szegö measure in terms of the sequence of Schur parameters of theta.
Passive discrete-time systems in Pontryagin space setting are investigated. In this case the transfer functions of passive systems, or characteristic functions of contractive operator colligations, are generalized Schur functions. The existence of optimal and *-optimal minimal realizations for generalized Schur functions are proved. By using those realizations, a new definition, which covers the case of generalized Schur functions, is given for defects functions. A criterion due to D.Z. Arov and M.A. Nudelman, when all minimal passive realizations of the same Schur function are unitarily simil…
In this work we study the recurrence problem for quantum Markov chains, which are quantum versions of classical Markov chains introduced by S. Gudder and described in terms of completely positive maps. A notion of monitored recurrence for quantum Markov chains is examined in association with Schur functions, which codify information on the first return to some given state or subspace. Such objects possess important factorization and decomposition properties which allow us to obtain probabilistic results based solely on those parts of the graph where the dynamics takes place, the so-called spli…
Khrushchev's formula is the cornerstone of the so called Khrushchev theory, a body of results which has revolutionized the theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. This formula can be understood as a factorization of the Schur function for an orthogonal polynomial modification of a measure on the unit circle. No such formula is known in the case of matrix-valued measures. This constitutes the main obstacle to generalize Khrushchev theory to the matrix-valued setting which we overcome in this paper. It was recently discovered that orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle and their …
A set of functions is introduced which generalizes the famous Schur polynomials and their connection to Grasmannian manifolds. These functions are shown to provide a new method of constructing solutions to the KP hierarchy of nonlinear partial differential equations. Specifically, just as the Schur polynomials are used to expand tau-functions as a sum, it is shown that it is natural to expand a quotient of tau-functions in terms of these generalized Schur functions. The coefficients in this expansion are found to be constrained by the Plücker relations of a grassmannian.
