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arXiv 1907.10620astro-ph.EP
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K2-146:发现行星c,从Transit计时和观测岁差获得精确质量

K2-146: Discovery of Planet c, Precise Masses from Transit Timing, and Observed Precession

Aaron Hamann, Benjamin T. Montet, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Eric Agol, Ethan Kruse

摘要:

K2-146是一颗中M矮星($M_\star = 0.331 \pm 0.009 M_\odot$ ; $R_\star = 0.330 \pm 0.010 R_\odot$),在K2任务的第5、16和18次活动中观测到。在Campaign 5的数据中,发现了一颗轨道周期为$2.6$ ~天的行星,由于未知的扰动,其凌日时间变化很大。在这里,我们分析了第16和18次活动的数据,探测到第二颗行星c的凌日,其轨道周期为$4.0$ ~天,与行星b以3:2的共振振动。由于它们的共振扰动,这两颗行星存在着巨大的反相关时间变化。这两颗行星的相互倾角为$2.40^\circ\pm0.25^\circ$,这使得行星c更接近我们的视线。行星c在第5次活动中吃草,因此在以前的搜索中错过了;在第16次和第18次活动中,它完全过境,其过境深度是三倍。我们利用Gaia DR 2的数据改进了恒星的性质,并利用动力学拟合发现这两颗行星都是亚海王星:它们的质量分别为$5.77\pm0.18$和$7.50\pm0.23 M_{\oplus}$,半径分别为$2.04\pm0.06$和$2.19\pm0.07$ R $_\oplus$。这些质量限制为小型系外行星设定了精度记录(一些气体巨星具有可比的相对精度)。当在半径周期空间中观察时,这些行星位于光蒸发谷,但由于低光度的M矮星,当在半径辐射空间中观察时,它们位于大气层行星之间。这一点,加上它们的密度是地球的60%-80%,表明它们可能都保留了大量的气体外壳。

英文摘要:

K2-146 is a mid-M dwarf ($M_\star = 0.331 \pm 0.009 M_\odot$; $R_\star = 0.330 \pm 0.010 R_\odot$), observed in Campaigns 5, 16, and 18 of the K2 mission. In Campaign 5 data, a single planet was discovered with an orbital period of $2.6$~days and large transit timing variations due to an unknown perturber. Here we analyze data from Campaigns 16 and 18, detecting the transits of a second planet, c, with an orbital period of $4.0$~days, librating in a 3:2 resonance with planet b. Large, anti-correlated timing variations of both planets exist due to their resonant perturbations. The planets have a mutual inclination of $2.40^\circ\pm0.25^\circ$, which torqued planet c more closely into our line-of-sight. Planet c was grazing in Campaign 5 and thus missed in previous searches; in Campaigns 16 and 18 it is fully transiting, and its transit depth is three times larger. We improve the stellar properties using data from Gaia DR2, and using dynamical fits find that both planets are sub-Neptunes: their masses are $5.77\pm0.18$ and $7.50\pm0.23 M_{\oplus}$ and their radii are $2.04\pm0.06$ and $2.19\pm0.07$ R$_\oplus$, respectively. These mass constraints set the precision record for small exoplanets (a few gas giants have comparable relative precision). These planets lie in the photoevaporation valley when viewed in Radius-Period space, but due to the low-luminosity M-dwarf host star, they lie among the atmosphere-bearing planets when viewed in Radius-Irradiation space. This, along with their densities being 60%-80% that of Earth, suggests that they may both have retained a substantial gaseous envelope.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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