Light field imaging presents an attractive alternative to RGB imaging because of the recording of the direction of the incoming light. The detection of salient regions in a light field image benefits from the additional modeling of angular patterns. For RGB imaging, methods using CNNs have achieved excellent results on a range of tasks, including saliency detection. However, it is not trivial to use CNN-based methods for saliency detection on light field images because these methods are not specifically designed for processing light field inputs. In addition, current light field datasets are not sufficiently large to train CNNs. To overcome these issues, we present a new Lytro Illum dataset, which contains 640 light fields and their corresponding ground-truth saliency maps. Compared to current light field saliency datasets [1], [2], our new dataset is larger, of higher quality, contains more variation and more types of light field inputs. This makes our dataset suitable for training deeper networks and benchmarking. Furthermore, we propose a novel end-to-end CNN-based framework for light field saliency detection. Specifically, we propose three novel MAC (Model Angular Changes) blocks to process light field micro-lens images. We systematically study the impact of different architecture variants and compare light field saliency with regular 2D saliency. Our extensive comparisons indicate that our novel network significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the proposed dataset and has desired generalization abilities on other existing datasets.
University of Tsukuba（筑波大学）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology（产业技术综合研究所）
Feed-forward only convolutional neural networks (CNNs) may ignore intrinsic relationships and potential benefits of feedback connections in vision tasks such as saliency detection, despite their significant representation capabilities. In this work, we propose a feedback-recursive convolutional framework (SalFBNet) for saliency detection. The proposed feedback model can learn abundant contextual representations by bridging a recursive pathway from higher-level feature blocks to low-level layer. Moreover, we create a large-scale Pseudo-Saliency dataset to alleviate the problem of data deficienc…
This paper proposes a novel saliency detection method by developing a deeply-supervised recurrent convolutional neural network (DSRCNN), which performs a full image-to-image saliency prediction. For saliency detection, the local, global, and contextual information of salient objects is important to obtain a high quality salient map. To achieve this goal, the DSRCNN is designed based on VGGNet-16. Firstly, the recurrent connections are incorporated into each convolutional layer, which can make the model more powerful for learning the contextual information. Secondly, side-output layers are adde…
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC)（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）
The prediction of saliency areas in images has been traditionally addressed with hand crafted features based on neuroscience principles. This paper however addresses the problem with a completely data-driven approach by training a convolutional network. The learning process is formulated as a minimization of a loss function that measures the Euclidean distance of the predicted saliency map with the provided ground truth. The recent publication of large datasets of saliency prediction has provided enough data to train a not very deep architecture which is both fast and accurate. The convolution…
Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University（都柏林城市大学洞察数据分析中心）；Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）
This work explores attention models to weight the contribution of local convolutional representations for the instance search task. We present a retrieval framework based on bags of local convolutional features (BLCF) that benefits from saliency weighting to build an efficient image representation. The use of human visual attention models (saliency) allows significant improvements in retrieval performance without the need to conduct region analysis or spatial verification, and without requiring any feature fine tuning. We investigate the impact of different saliency models, finding that higher…
Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）
Pedestrians in videos have a wide range of appearances such as body poses, occlusions, and complex backgrounds, and there exists the proposal shift problem in pedestrian detection that causes the loss of body parts such as head and legs. To address it, we propose part-level convolutional neural networks (CNN) for pedestrian detection using saliency and boundary box alignment in this paper. The proposed network consists of two sub-networks: detection and alignment. We use saliency in the detection sub-network to remove false positives such as lamp posts and trees. We adopt bounding box alignmen…
State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学虚拟现实技术与系统国家重点实验室）；Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学杭州创新研究院）；AI Lab of China Merchants Bank（招商银行人工智能实验室）
Co-saliency detection aims to detect common salient objects from a group of relevant images. Some attempts have been made with the Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) framework and achieve satisfactory detection results. However, due to stacking convolution layers and pooling operation, the boundary details tend to be lost. In addition, existing models often utilize the extracted features without discrimination, leading to redundancy in representation since actually not all features are helpful to the final prediction and some even bring distraction. In this paper, we propose a co-attention modu…
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）；Insight Center for Data Analytics（洞察数据分析中心）；Dublin City University（都柏林城市大学）
The prediction of salient areas in images has been traditionally addressed with hand-crafted features based on neuroscience principles. This paper, however, addresses the problem with a completely data-driven approach by training a convolutional neural network (convnet). The learning process is formulated as a minimization of a loss function that measures the Euclidean distance of the predicted saliency map with the provided ground truth. The recent publication of large datasets of saliency prediction has provided enough data to train end-to-end architectures that are both fast and accurate. T…
National Tsing Hua University（国立清华大学）；Taiwan AI Labs（台湾人工智能实验室）；Academia Sinica（中央研究院）
Automatic saliency prediction in 360° videos is critical for viewpoint guidance applications (e.g., Facebook 360 Guide). We propose a spatial-temporal network which is (1) weakly-supervised trained and (2) tailor-made for 360° viewing sphere. Note that most existing methods are less scalable since they rely on annotated saliency map for training. Most importantly, they convert 360° sphere to 2D images (e.g., a single equirectangular image or multiple separate Normal Field-of-View (NFoV) images) which introduces distortion and image boundaries. In contrast, we propose a simple and effective Cub…
Nearly all existing visual saliency models by far have focused on predicting a universal saliency map across all observers. Yet psychology studies suggest that visual attention of different observers can vary significantly under specific circumstances, especially a scene is composed of multiple salient objects. To study such heterogenous visual attention pattern across observers, we first construct a personalized saliency dataset and explore correlations between visual attention, personal preferences, and image contents. Specifically, we propose to decompose a personalized saliency map (referr…
This paper proposes a novel saliency detection method by combining region-level saliency estimation and pixel-level saliency prediction with CNNs (denoted as CRPSD). For pixel-level saliency prediction, a fully convolutional neural network (called pixel-level CNN) is constructed by modifying the VGGNet architecture to perform multi-scale feature learning, based on which an image-to-image prediction is conducted to accomplish the pixel-level saliency detection. For region-level saliency estimation, an adaptive superpixel based region generation technique is first designed to partition an image …
Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
The explanation for deep neural networks has drawn extensive attention in the deep learning community over the past few years. In this work, we study the visual saliency, a.k.a. visual explanation, to interpret convolutional neural networks. Compared to iteration based saliency methods, single backward pass based saliency methods benefit from faster speed, and they are widely used in downstream visual tasks. Thus, we focus on single backward pass based methods. However, existing methods in this category struggle to uccessfully produce fine-grained saliency maps concentrating on specific target…
Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University（上海大学上海先进通信与数据科学研究院）；School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University（上海大学通信与信息工程学院）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学计算机科学系）；Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine（上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心上海市精神病重点实验室）
3D convolutional neural networks have achieved promising results for video tasks in computer vision, including video saliency prediction that is explored in this paper. However, 3D convolution encodes visual representation merely on fixed local spacetime according to its kernel size, while human attention is always attracted by relational visual features at different time. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention 3D Network (STSANet) for video saliency prediction, in which multiple Spatio-Temporal Self-Attention (STSA) modules are employed at different lev…
Light field data exhibit favorable characteristics conducive to saliency detection. The success of learning-based light field saliency detection is heavily dependent on how a comprehensive dataset can be constructed for higher generalizability of models, how high dimensional light field data can be effectively exploited, and how a flexible model can be designed to achieve versatility for desktop computers and mobile devices. To answer these questions, first we introduce a large-scale dataset to enable versatile applications for RGB, RGB-D and light field saliency detection, containing 102 clas…
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology（南京信息工程大学）；JD Finance America Corporation（京东金融美国公司）
Due to a variety of motions across different frames, it is highly challenging to learn an effective spatiotemporal representation for accurate video saliency prediction (VSP). To address this issue, we develop an effective spatiotemporal feature alignment network tailored to VSP, mainly including two key sub-networks: a multi-scale deformable convolutional alignment network (MDAN) and a bidirectional convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-ConvLSTM) network. The MDAN learns to align the features of the neighboring frames to the reference one in a coarse-to-fine manner, which can well handle v…
Saliency detection has been widely studied because it plays an important role in various vision applications, but it is difficult to evaluate saliency systems because each measure has its own bias. In this paper, we first revisit the problem of applying the widely used saliency metrics on modern Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs). Our investigation shows the saliency datasets have been built based on different choices of parameters and CNNs are designed to fit a dataset-specific distribution. Secondly, we show that the Shuffled Area Under Curve(S-AUC) metric still suffers from spatial biases.…
School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学计算机科学与技术学院）
Saliency detection is one of the basic challenges in computer vision. How to extract effective features is a critical point for saliency detection. Recent methods mainly adopt integrating multi-scale convolutional features indiscriminately. However, not all features are useful for saliency detection and some even cause interferences. To solve this problem, we propose Pyramid Feature Attention network to focus on effective high-level context features and low-level spatial structural features. First, we design Context-aware Pyramid Feature Extraction (CPFE) module for multi-scale high-level feat…
Recently, with the advent of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), the improvements in visual saliency prediction research are impressive. One possible direction to approach the next improvement is to fully characterize the multi-scale saliency-influential factors with a computationally-friendly module in DCNN architectures. In this work, we proposed an end-to-end dilated inception network (DINet) for visual saliency prediction. It captures multi-scale contextual features effectively with very limited extra parameters. Instead of utilizing parallel standard convolutions with different ker…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；XI’AN University of Posts & Telecommunications（西安邮电大学）
Video smoke detection is a promising fire detection method especially in open or large spaces and outdoor environments. Traditional video smoke detection methods usually consist of candidate region extraction and classification, but lack powerful characterization for smoke. In this paper, we propose a novel video smoke detection method based on deep saliency network. Visual saliency detection aims to highlight the most important object regions in an image. The pixel-level and object-level salient convolutional neural networks are combined to extract the informative smoke saliency map. An end-t…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
The performance of video saliency estimation techniques has achieved significant advances along with the rapid development of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, devices like cameras and drones may have limited computational capability and storage space so that the direct deployment of complex deep saliency models becomes infeasible. To address this problem, this paper proposes a dynamic saliency estimation approach for aerial videos via spatiotemporal knowledge distillation. In this approach, five components are involved, including two teachers, two students and the desired spatiot…
In this paper, we propose a fast deep learning method for object saliency detection using convolutional neural networks. In our approach, we use a gradient descent method to iteratively modify the input images based on the pixel-wise gradients to reduce a pre-defined cost function, which is defined to measure the class-specific objectness and clamp the class-irrelevant outputs to maintain image background. The pixel-wise gradients can be efficiently computed using the back-propagation algorithm. We further apply SLIC superpixels and LAB color based low level saliency features to smooth and ref…
The computation and memory needed for Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) inference can be reduced by pruning weights from the trained network. Pruning is guided by a pruning saliency, which heuristically approximates the change in the loss function associated with the removal of specific weights. Many pruning signals have been proposed, but the performance of each heuristic depends on the particular trained network. This leaves the data scientist with a difficult choice. When using any one saliency metric for the entire pruning process, we run the risk of the metric assumptions being invalidat…
Tarbiat Modares University（塔比亚特·莫达雷斯大学）；NRP company（NRP公司）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）
Lesion segmentation is the first step in most automatic melanoma recognition systems. Deficiencies and difficulties in dermoscopic images such as color inconstancy, hair occlusion, dark corners and color charts make lesion segmentation an intricate task. In order to detect the lesion in the presence of these problems, we propose a supervised saliency detection method tailored for dermoscopic images based on the discriminative regional feature integration (DRFI). DRFI method incorporates multi-level segmentation, regional contrast, property, background descriptors, and a random forest regressor…
STMicrolectronics, ADG Central R&D, Catania, Italy（意法半导体，ADG中央研发部，卡塔尼亚，意大利）；PeRCeiVe Lab - University of Catania（PeRCeiVe实验室 - 卡塔尼亚大学）
In this work, we propose a 3D fully convolutional architecture for video saliency prediction that employs hierarchical supervision on intermediate maps (referred to as conspicuity maps) generated using features extracted at different abstraction levels. We provide the base hierarchical learning mechanism with two techniques for domain adaptation and domain-specific learning. For the former, we encourage the model to unsupervisedly learn hierarchical general features using gradient reversal at multiple scales, to enhance generalization capabilities on datasets for which no annotations are provi…
Global Context Aggregation Network for Lightweight Saliency Detection of Surface Defects
Zhengzhou University（郑州大学）；Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Swarm Systems, Ministry of Education（教育部智能集群系统工程研究中心）；National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou（国家超级计算郑州中心）；Tianjin University（天津大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics（Insight SFI数据分析研究中心）；Dublin City University（都柏林城市大学）；University of Catania（卡塔尼亚大学）
Video saliency prediction has recently attracted attention of the research community, as it is an upstream task for several practical applications. However, current solutions are particularly computationally demanding, especially due to the wide usage of spatio-temporal 3D convolutions. We observe that, while different model architectures achieve similar performance on benchmarks, visual variations between predicted saliency maps are still significant. Inspired by this intuition, we propose a lightweight model that employs multiple simple heterogeneous decoders and adopts several practical app…
Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics（江西财经大学）
Different from salient object detection methods for still images, a key challenging for video saliency detection is how to extract and combine spatial and temporal features. In this paper, we present a novel and effective approach for salient object detection for video sequences based on 3D convolutional neural networks. First, we design a 3D convolutional network (Conv3DNet) with the input as three video frame to learn the spatiotemporal features for video sequences. Then, we design a 3D deconvolutional network (Deconv3DNet) to combine the spatiotemporal features to predict the final saliency…
Saliency detection is an important task in image processing as it can solve many problems and it usually is the first step in for other processes. Convolutional neural networks have been proved to be very effective on several image processing tasks such as classification, segmentation, semantic colorization and object manipulation. Besides, using the weights of a pretrained networks is a common practice for enhancing the accuracy of a network. In this paper a fully convolutional neural network which uses a part of VGG-16 is proposed for saliency detection in images.
Visual saliency modeling for images and videos is treated as two independent tasks in recent computer vision literature. While image saliency modeling is a well-studied problem and progress on benchmarks like SALICON and MIT300 is slowing, video saliency models have shown rapid gains on the recent DHF1K benchmark. Here, we take a step back and ask: Can image and video saliency modeling be approached via a unified model, with mutual benefit? We identify different sources of domain shift between image and video saliency data and between different video saliency datasets as a key challenge for ef…
Traditional saliency models usually adopt hand-crafted image features and human-designed mechanisms to calculate local or global contrast. In this paper, we propose a novel computational saliency model, i.e., deep spatial contextual long-term recurrent convolutional network (DSCLRCN) to predict where people looks in natural scenes. DSCLRCN first automatically learns saliency related local features on each image location in parallel. Then, in contrast with most other deep network based saliency models which infer saliency in local contexts, DSCLRCN can mimic the cortical lateral inhibition mech…
Isfahan University of Technology（伊斯法罕理工大学）；McMaster University（麦克马斯特大学）
Image retargeting is the task of making images capable of being displayed on screens with different sizes. This work should be done so that high-level visual information and low-level features such as texture remain as intact as possible to the human visual system, while the output image may have different dimensions. Thus, simple methods such as scaling and cropping are not adequate for this purpose. In recent years, researchers have tried to improve the existing retargeting methods and introduce new ones. However, a specific method cannot be utilized to retarget all types of images. In other…
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have delivered superior performance in many computer vision tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel deep fully convolutional network model for accurate salient object detection. The key contribution of this work is to learn deep uncertain convolutional features (UCF), which encourage the robustness and accuracy of saliency detection. We achieve this via introducing a reformulated dropout (R-dropout) after specific convolutional layers to construct an uncertain ensemble of internal feature units. In addition, we propose an effective hybrid upsampling m…
We propose an online visual tracking algorithm by learning discriminative saliency map using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Given a CNN pre-trained on a large-scale image repository in offline, our algorithm takes outputs from hidden layers of the network as feature descriptors since they show excellent representation performance in various general visual recognition problems. The features are used to learn discriminative target appearance models using an online Support Vector Machine (SVM). In addition, we construct target-specific saliency map by backpropagating CNN features with guidan…
Over the past few years, deep neural networks (DNNs) have exhibited great success in predicting the saliency of images. However, there are few works that apply DNNs to predict the saliency of generic videos. In this paper, we propose a novel DNN-based video saliency prediction method. Specifically, we establish a large-scale eye-tracking database of videos (LEDOV), which provides sufficient data to train the DNN models for predicting video saliency. Through the statistical analysis of our LEDOV database, we find that human attention is normally attracted by objects, particularly moving objects…
Deep learning models are now used in many different industries, while in certain domains safety is not a critical issue in the medical field it is a huge concern. Not only, we want the models to generalize well but we also want to know the models confidence respect to its decision and which features matter the most. Our team aims to develop a full pipeline in which not only displays the uncertainty of the models decision but also, the saliency map to show which sets of pixels of the input image contribute most to the predictions.
Visual Geometry Group, University of Oxford（牛津大学视觉几何组）
This paper addresses the visualisation of image classification models, learnt using deep Convolutional Networks (ConvNets). We consider two visualisation techniques, based on computing the gradient of the class score with respect to the input image. The first one generates an image, which maximises the class score [Erhan et al., 2009], thus visualising the notion of the class, captured by a ConvNet. The second technique computes a class saliency map, specific to a given image and class. We show that such maps can be employed for weakly supervised object segmentation using classification ConvNe…
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology（南京信息工程大学）；JD Digits（京东数科）
Co-saliency detection aims to discover the common and salient foregrounds from a group of relevant images. For this task, we present a novel adaptive graph convolutional network with attention graph clustering (GCAGC). Three major contributions have been made, and are experimentally shown to have substantial practical merits. First, we propose a graph convolutional network design to extract information cues to characterize the intra- and interimage correspondence. Second, we develop an attention graph clustering algorithm to discriminate the common objects from all the salient foreground objec…
A deep feature based saliency model (DeepFeat) is developed to leverage the understanding of the prediction of human fixations. Traditional saliency models often predict the human visual attention relying on few level image cues. Although such models predict fixations on a variety of image complexities, their approaches are limited to the incorporated features. In this study, we aim to provide an intuitive interpretation of convolu- tional neural network deep features by combining low and high level visual factors. We exploit four evaluation metrics to evaluate the correspondence between the p…
Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia（摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学）
This paper presents a novel deep architecture for saliency prediction. Current state of the art models for saliency prediction employ Fully Convolutional networks that perform a non-linear combination of features extracted from the last convolutional layer to predict saliency maps. We propose an architecture which, instead, combines features extracted at different levels of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our model is composed of three main blocks: a feature extraction CNN, a feature encoding network, that weights low and high level feature maps, and a prior learning network. We compare …
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；University of East Anglia（东安格利亚大学）
This paper proposes a deep learning model to efficiently detect salient regions in videos. It addresses two important issues: (1) deep video saliency model training with the absence of sufficiently large and pixel-wise annotated video data, and (2) fast video saliency training and detection. The proposed deep video saliency network consists of two modules, for capturing the spatial and temporal saliency information, respectively. The dynamic saliency model, explicitly incorporating saliency estimates from the static saliency model, directly produces spatiotemporal saliency inference without ti…
L. D. College of Engineering（L. D. 工程学院）；Dosepack LLC（Dosepack 有限责任公司）；Meditab Software Inc.（Meditab 软件公司）；School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), Ahmedabad University（艾哈迈达巴德大学工程与应用科学学院）
The paper presents a technique to improve human detection in still images using deep learning. Our novel method, ViS-HuD, computes visual saliency map from the image. Then the input image is multiplied by the map and product is fed to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which detects humans in the image. A visual saliency map is generated using ML-Net and human detection is carried out using DetectNet. ML-Net is pre-trained on SALICON while, DetectNet is pre-trained on ImageNet database for visual saliency detection and image classification respectively. The CNNs of ViS-HuD were trained on …
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology（中国科学院脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心）；Research Center of Precision Sensing and Control, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所精密感知与控制研究中心）；LSEC（科学与工程计算国家重点实验室）；Institute of Applied Mathematics, AMSS, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院应用数学研究所）
Visual saliency detection aims at identifying the most visually distinctive parts in an image, and serves as a pre-processing step for a variety of computer vision and image processing tasks. To this end, the saliency detection procedure must be as fast and compact as possible and optimally processes input images in a real time manner. It is an essential application requirement for the saliency detection task. However, contemporary detection methods often utilize some complicated procedures to pursue feeble improvements on the detection precession, which always take hundreds of milliseconds an…
Despite the tremendous achievements of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in many computer vision tasks, understanding how they actually work remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel two-step understanding method, namely Salient Relevance (SR) map, which aims to shed light on how deep CNNs recognize images and learn features from areas, referred to as attention areas, therein. Our proposed method starts out with a layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) step which estimates a pixel-wise relevance map over the input image. Following, we construct a context-aware …
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are commonly used for image classification. Saliency methods are examples of approaches that can be used to interpret CNNs post hoc, identifying the most relevant pixels for a prediction following the gradients flow. Even though CNNs can correctly classify images, the underlying saliency maps could be erroneous in many cases. This can result in skepticism as to the validity of the model or its interpretation. We propose a novel approach for training trustworthy CNNs by penalizing parameter choices that result in inaccurate saliency maps generated during tra…
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have recently been applied successfully to a variety of vision and multimedia tasks, thus driving development of novel solutions in several application domains. Document analysis is a particularly promising area for DCNNs: indeed, the number of available digital documents has reached unprecedented levels, and humans are no longer able to discover and retrieve all the information contained in these documents without the help of automation. Under this scenario, DCNNs offers a viable solution to automate the information extraction process from digital do…
Convolutional-deconvolution networks can be adopted to perform end-to-end saliency detection. But, they do not work well with objects of multiple scales. To overcome such a limitation, in this work, we propose a recurrent attentional convolutional-deconvolution network (RACDNN). Using spatial transformer and recurrent network units, RACDNN is able to iteratively attend to selected image sub-regions to perform saliency refinement progressively. Besides tackling the scale problem, RACDNN can also learn context-aware features from past iterations to enhance saliency refinement in future iteration…
University of Florence（佛罗伦萨大学）；University of Siena（锡耶纳大学）
The understanding of where humans look in a scene is a problem of great interest in visual perception and computer vision. When eye-tracking devices are not a viable option, models of human attention can be used to predict fixations. In this paper we give two contribution. First, we show a model of visual attention that is simply based on deep convolutional neural networks trained for object classification tasks. A method for visualizing saliency maps is defined which is evaluated in a saliency prediction task. Second, we integrate the information of these maps with a bottom-up differential mo…
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia（摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学）；University of Udine（乌迪内大学）
Data-driven saliency has recently gained a lot of attention thanks to the use of Convolutional Neural Networks for predicting gaze fixations. In this paper we go beyond standard approaches to saliency prediction, in which gaze maps are computed with a feed-forward network, and present a novel model which can predict accurate saliency maps by incorporating neural attentive mechanisms. The core of our solution is a Convolutional LSTM that focuses on the most salient regions of the input image to iteratively refine the predicted saliency map. Additionally, to tackle the center bias typical of hum…
Current saliency methods require to learn large scale regional features using small convolutional kernels, which is not possible with a simple feed-forward network. Some methods solve this problem by using segmentation into superpixels while others downscale the image through the network and rescale it back to its original size. The objective of this paper is to show that saliency convolutional neural networks (CNN) can be improved by using a Green's function convolution (GFC) to extrapolate edges features into salient regions. The GFC acts as a gradient integrator, allowing to produce salienc…
Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) allow to apply traditional convolution operations in non-Euclidean domains, where data are commonly modelled as irregular graphs. Medical imaging and, in particular, neuroscience studies often rely on such graph representations, with brain connectivity networks being a characteristic example, while ultimately seeking the locus of phenotypic or disease-related differences in the brain. These regions of interest (ROIs) are, then, considered to be closely associated with function and/or behaviour. Driven by this, we explore GCNs for the task of ROI identificati…
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras（印度理工学院马德拉斯分校）；Madras Institute of Technology（马德拉斯理工学院）
Saliency detection methods are central to several real-world applications such as robot navigation and satellite imagery. However, the performance of existing methods deteriorate under low-light conditions because training datasets mostly comprise of well-lit images. One possible solution is to collect a new dataset for low-light conditions. This involves pixel-level annotations, which is not only tedious and time-consuming but also infeasible if a huge training corpus is required. We propose a technique that performs classical band-pass filtering in the Fourier space to transform well-lit ima…
Indian Institute of Science（印度科学学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Understanding and predicting the human visual attentional mechanism is an active area of research in the fields of neuroscience and computer vision. In this work, we propose DeepFix, a first-of-its-kind fully convolutional neural network for accurate saliency prediction. Unlike classical works which characterize the saliency map using various hand-crafted features, our model automatically learns features in a hierarchical fashion and predicts saliency map in an end-to-end manner. DeepFix is designed to capture semantics at multiple scales while taking global context into account using network …
TASED-Net is a 3D fully-convolutional network architecture for video saliency detection. It consists of two building blocks: first, the encoder network extracts low-resolution spatiotemporal features from an input clip of several consecutive frames, and then the following prediction network decodes the encoded features spatially while aggregating all the temporal information. As a result, a single prediction map is produced from an input clip of multiple frames. Frame-wise saliency maps can be predicted by applying TASED-Net in a sliding-window fashion to a video. The proposed approach assumes…
We have developed a convolutional neural network for the purpose of recognizing facial expressions in human beings. We have fine-tuned the existing convolutional neural network model trained on the visual recognition dataset used in the ILSVRC2012 to two widely used facial expression datasets - CFEE and RaFD, which when trained and tested independently yielded test accuracies of 74.79% and 95.71%, respectively. Generalization of results was evident by training on one dataset and testing on the other. Further, the image product of the cropped faces and their visual saliency maps were computed u…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Institute of Frontier Technologies（阿里巴巴-浙江大学前沿技术联合研究院）
In this paper, we propose an end-to-end group-wise deep co-saliency detection approach to address the co-salient object discovery problem based on the fully convolutional network (FCN) with group input and group output. The proposed approach captures the group-wise interaction information for group images by learning a semantics-aware image representation based on a convolutional neural network, which adaptively learns the group-wise features for co-saliency detection. Furthermore, the proposed approach discovers the collaborative and interactive relationships between group-wise feature repres…
Recent advances in saliency detection have utilized deep learning to obtain high level features to detect salient regions in a scene. These advances have demonstrated superior results over previous works that utilize hand-crafted low level features for saliency detection. In this paper, we demonstrate that hand-crafted features can provide complementary information to enhance performance of saliency detection that utilizes only high level features. Our method utilizes both high level and low level features for saliency detection under a unified deep learning framework. The high level features …
In this paper, we propose several novel deep learning methods for object saliency detection based on the powerful convolutional neural networks. In our approach, we use a gradient descent method to iteratively modify an input image based on the pixel-wise gradients to reduce a cost function measuring the class-specific objectness of the image. The pixel-wise gradients can be efficiently computed using the back-propagation algorithm. The discrepancy between the modified image and the original one may be used as a saliency map for the image. Moreover, we have further proposed several new trainin…
