成人视觉皮层的神经可塑性
Neuroplasticity in adult human visual cortex
摘要：
全世界每100人中就有1到5人从未经历过正常视力，这是由于一种叫做弱视的疾病，每4000人中就有1人患有遗传性视网膜营养不良，逐渐导致失明。虽然正在开发各种技术和治疗方法来恢复视力，但一个基本问题仍然没有答案：成年人的视觉大脑是否会保留足够的可塑性潜力，以便在长时间的异常视觉体验后学习如何观看？在这篇综述中，我们总结了研究表明，视觉大脑的视力正常的成年人保留一种类型的发育可塑性，称为稳态可塑性，这一属性最近已被成功地利用成人弱视的恢复。接下来，我们将讨论当视觉刺激通过仿生眼部分恢复时，大脑回路是如何重组的。这些患者的初级视觉皮层慢慢地被人工视觉刺激激活，这表明视力恢复治疗可以依赖于成年后相当程度的备用可塑性。
英文摘要：
Between 1 to 5 out of 100 people worldwide has never experienced normotypic vision due to a condition called amblyopia, and about 1 out of 4000 suffer from inherited retinal dystrophies that progressively lead them to blindness. While a wide range of technologies and therapies are being developed to restore vision, a fundamental question still remains unanswered: would the adult visual brain retain a sufficient plastic potential to learn how to see after a prolonged period of abnormal visual experience? In this review we summarize studies showing that the visual brain of sighted adults retains a type of developmental plasticity, called homeostatic plasticity, and this property has been recently exploited successfully for adult amblyopia recover. Next, we discuss how the brain circuits reorganizes when visual stimulation is partially restored by means of a bionic eye in late blinds with Retinitis Pigmentosa. The primary visual cortex in these patients slowly became activated by the artificial visual stimulation, indicating that sight restoration therapies can rely on a considerable degree of spared plasticity in adulthood.
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