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arXiv 1904.05089astro-ph.SR
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辐射驱动风作用下旋转恒星的临界角速度和各向异性质量损失

Critical angular velocity and anisotropic mass loss of rotating stars with radiation-driven winds

D. Gagnier, M. Rieutord, C. Charbonnel, G. Putigny, F. Espinosa Lara

摘要:

对早期型恒星演化的理解与快速自转效应的理解密切相关。对于大质量恒星来说,快速旋转与强烈的辐射驱动风相结合。本文的目的是探讨两个问题是研究大质量快速旋转恒星演化的先决条件:(i)什么是恒星的临界角速度时,其大气中的辐射加速是显着的?(ii)质量和角动量的损失如何依赖于旋转速率?研究快速旋转,使恒星扁圆,我们使用的2D ESTER模型和一个简化的方法,$ω$ -模型,它给出了纬度依赖的辐射通量在一个离心扁平的辐射信封。我们发现,辐射加速度只有温和的影响临界角速度,至少对于恒星质量低于40 Msun。我们解释这种温和的减少临界角速度相比,经典开普勒角速度的重力暗化和减少赤道不透明度,这是由于离心加速度的综合影响。为了回答第二个问题,我们首先设计了一个局部表面质量通量的模型,我们用以前开发的一维模型进行了校准。一维模型的$\dot{M}-T_{\rm eff}$关系中包含的不连续性(所谓的双稳定性跳跃)意味着快速旋转恒星的质量通量受单风或双风状态的控制。质量和角动量的损失是强大的赤道附近,如果恒星是在两个风制度。我们还表明,选择被视为极上的大质量恒星的困难使得检测质量损失和有效温度之间的关系的不连续性也相当具有挑战性。

英文摘要:

The understanding of the evolution of early-type stars is tightly related to that of the effects of rapid rotation. For massive stars, rapid rotation combines with their strong radiation-driven wind. The aim of this paper is to investigate two questions that are prerequisite to the study of the evolution of massive rapidly rotating stars: (i) What is the critical angular velocity of a star when radiative acceleration is significant in its atmosphere? (ii) How do mass and angular momentum loss depend on the rotation rate? To investigate fast rotation, which makes stars oblate, we used the 2D ESTER models and a simplified approach, the $ω$-model, which gives the latitudinal dependence of the radiative flux in a centrifugally flattened radiative envelope. We find that radiative acceleration only mildly influences the critical angular velocity, at least for stars with masses lower than 40 Msun. We explain this mild reduction of the critical angular velocity compared to the classical Keplerian angular velocity by the combined effects of gravity darkening and a reduced equatorial opacity that is due to the centrifugal acceleration. To answer the second question, we first devised a model of the local surface mass flux, which we calibrated with previously developed 1D models. The discontinuity (the so-called bi-stability jump) included in the $\dot{M}-T_{\rm eff}$ relation of 1D models means that the mass flux of a fast-rotating star is controlled by either a single wind or a two-wind regime. Mass and angular momentum losses are strong around the equator if the star is in the two-wind regime. We also show that the difficulty of selecting massive stars that are viewed pole-on makes detecting the discontinuity in the relation between mass loss and effective temperature also quite challenging.

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