Fixed and mobile telecom operators, enterprise network operators and cloud providers strive to face the challenging demands coming from the evolution of IP networks (e.g. huge bandwidth requirements, integration of billions of devices and millions of services in the cloud). Proposed in the early 2010s, Segment Routing (SR) architecture helps face these challenging demands, and it is currently being adopted and deployed. SR architecture is based on the concept of source routing and has interesting scalability properties, as it dramatically reduces the amount of state information to be configured in the core nodes to support complex services. SR architecture was first implemented with the MPLS dataplane and then, quite recently, with the IPv6 dataplane (SRv6). IPv6 SR architecture (SRv6) has been extended from the simple steering of packets across nodes to a general network programming approach, making it very suitable for use cases such as Service Function Chaining and Network Function Virtualization. In this paper we present a tutorial and a comprehensive survey on SR technology, analyzing standardization efforts, patents, research activities and implementation results. We start with an introduction on the motivations for Segment Routing and an overview of its evolution and standardization. Then, we provide a tutorial on Segment Routing technology, with a focus on the novel SRv6 solution. We discuss the standardization efforts and the patents providing details on the most important documents and mentioning other ongoing activities. We then thoroughly analyze research activities according to a taxonomy. We have identified 8 main categories during our analysis of the current state of play: Monitoring, Traffic Engineering, Failure Recovery, Centrally Controlled Architectures, Path Encoding, Network Programming, Performance Evaluation and Miscellaneous...
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Network (SatNet) with their mega-constellations are expected to play a key role in providing ubiquitous Internet and communications services in the future. LEO SatNets will provide wide-area coverage and support service availability, continuity, and scalability. To support the integration of SatNets and terrestrial Fifth Generation (5G)networks and beyond, the satellite communication industry has become increasingly involved with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization activities for 5G. In this work, we review the 3GPP standardization acti…
Optimization of energy consumption in future intelligent energy networks (or Smart Grids) will be based on grid-integrated near-real-time communications between various grid elements in generation, transmission, distribution and loads. This paper discusses some of the challenges and opportunities of communications research in the areas of smart grid and smart metering. In particular, we focus on some of the key communications challenges for realizing interoperable and future-proof smart grid/metering networks, smart grid security and privacy, and how some of the existing networking technologie…
Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6 in short) is a networking solution for IP backbones and datacenters, which has been recently adopted in several of large scale network deployments. The SRv6 research, standardization and implementation activities are going on at a remarkable pace. In particular, a number of Internet Drafts have been submitted related to the Performance Monitoring (PM) of flows in an SRv6 network. In this paper we discuss the proposed PM approaches, considering both data plane and control plane aspects and focusing on loss monitoring. Then we describe the implementation of a per-…
Self-organizing networks (SONs) need to be endowed with self-coordination capabilities to manage the complex relations between their internal components and to avoid their destructive interactions. Existing communication technologies commonly implement responsive self-coordination mechanisms that can be very slow in dynamic situations. The sixth generation (6G) networks, being in their early stages of research and standardization activities, open new opportunities to opt for a design-driven approach when developing self-coordination capabilities. This can be achieved through the use of hybrid …
The Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) aims to enable disaggregated, virtualized, programmable, and data-driven intelligent network with open interfaces to support various real-time and non-real-time applications for different classes of users and multiple industry verticals in beyond 5G and 6G networks while providing interoperability among multi-vendor network functions and components. In this article, we first discuss the evolution of RAN and then the O-RAN Alliance standardization activities and objectives to provide a comprehensive overview of O-RAN from a standardization point of view.…
A lot of work has been done on routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks, but still standardization of them requires some more issues less addressed by the existing routing protocols. In this paper a new paradigm of maintaining multiple connections in adhoc routing protocols has been highlighted which may be crucial for efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks. The problem of multiple connections has been hardly worked on in adhoc networks. In this paper the solution of route maintenance if nodes are maintaining multiple connections has been proposed. This idea not only helps to solve th…
An overview of several standardization activities for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is presented, analyzing some of the enabling technologies and applications of M2M in industry sectors such as Smart Grid and e-Health. This summary and overview of the ongoing work in M2M from the industrial and standardization perspective complements the prevalent academic perspective of such publications to date in this field.
With the ratification of the IEEE 802.15.3d amendment to the 802.15.3, a first step has been made to standardize consumer wireless communications in the sub-THz frequency band. The IEEE 802.15.3d offers switched point-to-point connectivity with the data rates of 100\,Gbit/s and higher at distances ranging from tens of centimeters up to a few hundred meters. In this article, we provide a detailed introduction to the IEEE 802.15.3d and the key design principles beyond the developed standard. We particularly describe the target applications and usage scenarios, as well as the specifics of the IEE…
The rapid growth of consumer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is creating promising new business opportunities for cellular operators. On the one hand, UAVs can be connected to cellular networks as new types of user equipment, therefore generating significant revenues for the operators that can guarantee their stringent service requirements. On the other hand, UAVs offer the unprecedented opportunity to realize UAV-mounted flying base stations that can dynamically reposition themselves to boost coverage, spectral efficiency, and user quality of experience. Indeed, the standardization bodies are…
Segment routing is a modern form of source-based routing, i.e., a routing technique where all or part of the routing decision is predetermined by the source or a hop on the path. Since initial standardization efforts in 2013, segment routing seems to have garnered substantial industry and operator support. Especially segment routing over IPv6 (SRv6) is advertised as having several advantages for easy deployment and flexibility in operations in networks. Many people, however, argue that the deployment of segment routing and SRv6 in particular poses a significant security threat if not done with…
Self-Organized networks (SONs) have been studied for many years, and have attracted many researchers due to their substantial applications. Although the performance of such networks in the lower band networks (sub-6 GHz band frequencies) has been well studied, there are only sparse studies on SON in higher frequency bands, such as the millimeter wave (mmWave) band ranges between 28GHz and 300GHz. mmWave frequencies have attracted many researchers in the past few years because of its unique features and are now considered as an important part of the next generation of wireless communications na…
Now a days, Internet plays a major role in our day to day activities e.g., for online transactions, online shopping, and other network related applications. Internet suffers from slow convergence of routing protocols after a network failure which becomes a growing problem. Multiple Routing Configurations [MRC] recovers network from single node/link failures, but does not support network from multiple node/link failures. In this paper, we propose Enhanced MRC [EMRC], to support multiple node/link failures during data transmission in IP networks without frequent global re-convergence. By recover…
Thanks to the potential they hold and the variety of their application domains, Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSN) are forecast to become highly integrated into our daily activities. Due to the carried content nature, mainly composed of images and/or video streams with high throughput and delay constraints, Quality of Service in the context of MWSN is a crucial issue. In this paper, we propose a QoS and energy aware geographic routing protocol for MWSN: QGRP. The proposed protocol addresses bandwidth, delay and energy constraints associated with MWSN. QGRP adopts an analytical model of…
The dramatic increase in data and connectivity demand, in addition to heterogeneous device capabilities, poses a challenge for future wireless networks. One of the promising solutions is Device-to-Device (D2D) networking. D2D networking, advocating the idea of connecting two or more devices directly without traversing the core network, is promising to address the increasing data and connectivity demand. In this paper, we consider D2D networks, where devices with heterogeneous capabilities including computing power, energy limitations, and incentives participate in D2D activities heterogeneousl…
In this paper, we study the performance of two cross-layer optimized dynamic routing techniques for radio interference mitigation across multiple coexisting wireless body area networks (BANs), based on real-life measurements. At the network layer, the best route is selected according to channel state information from the physical layer, associated with low duty cycle TDMA at the MAC layer. The routing techniques (i.e., shortest path routing (SPR), and novel cooperative multi-path routing (CMR) incorporating 3-branch selection combining) perform real-time and reliable data transfer across BANs …
Advances in multimedia and ad-hoc networking have urged a wealth of research in multimedia delivery over ad-hoc networks. This comes as no surprise, as those networks are versatile and beneficial to a plethora of applications where the use of fully wired network has proved intricate if not impossible, such as prompt formation of networks during conferences, disaster relief in case of flood and earthquake, and also in war activities. It this paper, we aim to investigate the combined impact of network sparsity and network node density on the Peak Signal Noise to Ratio (PSNR) and jitter performan…
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes. It dynamically forms a temporary network without using any pre existing network infrastructure or centralized administration i.e. with minimal prior planning. All nodes have routing capabilities and forward data packets to other nodes in multi-hop fashion. As the network is dynamic, the network topology continuously experiences alterations during deployment. The biggest challenge in MANETs is to find a path between communicating nodes. The considerations of the MANET environment and the nature of the mobile nodes create fu…
Evaluating Performance Characteristic of Opportunistic Routing Protocols: A Case Study of the 2016 Italian League Match Earthquake in the Stadio Adriatico
University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）
本文通过2016年意大利地震场景评估机会路由协议性能，采用Epidemic和Spray and Wait协议，在相同模拟条件下比较交付概率、延迟、开销比、跳数和丢包率，发现Spray and Wait在可靠性与效率间取得更好平衡。
In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive carrier sense multiple access scheme with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) to perform efficient and reliable data transfer with increased throughput across multiple coexisting wireless body area networks (BANs) in a tiered architecture. We investigate the proposed scheme using two distributed cross-layer optimized dynamic routing techniques, i.e., shortest path routing (SPR) and cooperative multi-path routing (CMR). The channel state information from the physical layer is passed on to the network layer using an adaptive cross-layer carrier sensing mechan…
Initiation of fourth generation (4G) mobile telecommunication system rollouts fires the starting pistol for beyond 4G research activities. Whereas technologies enhancing spectral efficiency have traditionally been the solution to data rate and network capacity increase demands, due to the already advanced techniques, returns of the even more complicated algorithms hardly worth the complexity increase any longer. In addition, surging number of connected devices now enables operative use of short-range communication methods. Also considering the recently approved standards for the 60 gigahertz (…
K-12 engineering outreach has typically focused on elementary electrical and mechanical engineering or robot experiments integrated in science or math classes. In contrast, we propose a novel outreach program focusing on communication network principles that enable the ubiquitous web and smart-phone applications. We design outreach activities that illustrate the communication network principles through activities and team competitions in physical education (PE) as well as story writing and cartooning in English Language Arts (ELA) classes. The PE activities cover the principles of store-and-fo…
Device-to-device (D2D) communication will likely be added to LTE in 3GPP Release 12. In principle, exploiting direct communication between nearby mobile devices will improve spectrum utilization, overall throughput, and energy consumption, while enabling new peer-to-peer and location-based applications and services. D2D-enabled LTE devices can also become competitive for fallback public safety networks, that must function when cellular networks are not available, or fail. Introducing D2D poses many challenges and risks to the long-standing cellular architecture, which is centered around the ba…
We investigate cross-layer optimization to route information across distributed wireless body-to-body networks, based on real-life experimental measurements. At the network layer, the best possible route is selected according to channel state information (e.g., expected transmission count, hop count) from the physical layer. Two types of dynamic routing are applied: shortest path routing (SPR), and cooperative multi-path routing (CMR) associated with selection combining. An open-access experimental dataset incorporating `everyday' mixed-activities is used for analyzing and comparing the cross-…
The evolution of software defined networking (SDN) has played a significant role in the development of next-generation networks (NGN). SDN as a programmable network having service provisioning on the fly has induced a keen interest both in academic world and industry. In this article, a comprehensive survey is presented on SDN advancement over conventional network. The paper covers historical evolution in relation to SDN, functional architecture of the SDN and its related technologies, and OpenFlow standards/protocols, including the basic concept of interfacing of OpenFlow with network element…
Business models of network service providers are undergoing an evolving transformation fueled by vertical customer demands and technological advances such as 5G, Software Defined Networking~(SDN), and Network Function Virtualization~(NFV). Emerging scenarios call for agile network services consuming network, storage, and compute resources across heterogeneous infrastructures and administrative domains. Coordinating resource control and service creation across interconnected domains and diverse technologies becomes a grand challenge. Research and development efforts are being devoted to enablin…
A constant need to increase the network capacity for meeting the growing demands of the subscribers has led to the evolution of cellular communication networks from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G). There will be billions of connected devices in the near future. Such a large number of connections are expected to be heterogeneous in nature, demanding higher data rates, lesser delays, enhanced system capacity and superior throughput. The available spectrum resources are limited and need to be flexibly used by the mobile network operators (MNOs) to cope with the rising deman…
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) will allow implementing low-latency services that have been unfeasible so far. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) are working towards the standardization of MEC in 5G networks and the corresponding solutions for routing user traffic to applications in local area networks. Nevertheless, there are neither practical implementations for dynamically relocating applications from the core to a MEC host nor from one MEC host to another ensuring service continuity. In this paper we propose a solu…
Natural and man-made disasters have been causing destruction and distress to humanity all over the world. In these scenarios, communication infrastructures are the most affected entities making emergency response operations extremely challenging. This invokes a need to equip the affected people and the emergency responders with the ability to rapidly set up and use independent means of communication. Therefore, in this work, we present a complete end-to-end solution that can connect survivors of a disaster with each other and the authorities using a completely self-sufficient ad hoc network th…
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio network and maintaining connections in a decentralized manner. Security remains a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, reliance on cooperative algorithms, absence of centralized monitoring points, and lack of clear lines of defense. Protecting the network layer of a MANET from malicious attacks is an important and challenging security issue, since most of the routing protocols for MANETs are vulner…
6G-Bench: An Open Benchmark for Semantic Communication and Network-Level Reasoning with Foundation Models in AI-Native 6G Networks
Department of Computer and Network Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, UAE（计算机与网络工程系，阿拉伯联合酋长国大学）；G Research Center (6GRC), Khalifa University, UAE（6G研究中心（6GRC），哈利法大学）
The Internet is inherently a multipath network---for an underlying network with only a single path connecting various nodes would have been debilitatingly fragile. Unfortunately, traditional Internet technologies have been designed around the restrictive assumption of a single working path between a source and a destination. The lack of native multipath support constrains network performance even as the underlying network is richly connected and has redundant multiple paths. Computer networks can exploit the power of multiplicity to unlock the inherent redundancy of the Internet. This opens up…
Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6 in short) is a networking solution for IP backbones and datacenters. The SRv6 standardization, implementation and research are actively progressing and SRv6 has already been adopted in a number of large scale network deployments. Effective Performance Monitoring (PM) solutions for SRv6 networks are strongly needed. The design, implementation and deployment of such PM solutions span the different planes of a networking architecture: Performance Measurements data (packet loss and delay) needs to be measured (in the Data Plane), the monitored nodes needs to be cont…
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to change this state of affairs, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network's control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. The separation of concerns introduced between the definition of network policies, their implementation in switching hardware, and the forwarding of traffic, is key to the desired flexibility: by breaking the network control problem into tractable pieces, SDN makes it easie…
We provide in this paper a tutorial and a comprehensive survey of QoE management solutions in current and future networks. We start with a high level description of QoE management for multimedia services, which integrates QoE modelling, monitoring, and optimization. This followed by a discussion of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) solutions as the dominant technique for streaming videos over the best-effort Internet. We then summarize the key elements in SDN/NFV along with an overview of ongoing research projects, standardization activities and use cases related to SDN, NFV, and other emerging ap…
