Modern biological tools have made it possible to unequivocally demonstrate the deep relationship among species in terms of genes and basic molecular mechanisms. In addition, results from genetic, physical and physiological approaches applied to individual model cell systems have led to the mapping of large networks of macromolecular interactions with similar general properties. Although gene, mechanism and network structure similarities among species tend to suggest the existence of important constraints applied to organisms, it is surprising that the elucidation of the precise general mechanisms by which natural selection could have operated appears to have taken a back seat in most, if not all, studies concerning the evolutionary development of cell macromolecular networks. Herein, a possible explanation is presented for how cells could have evolved into the sophisticated and integrated organisms we know today, using natural selection. Based on the new concept of gene toxicity, essentially applied to unicellular organisms with their rapid multiplication rate, it is proposed that natural selection likely exerts its effects in two opposing and complementary directions to integrate a new gene function into the host system; a simple and basic qualitative model for the buildup of cell macromolecular networks is suggested. Finally, as a radical consequence, it is proposed that complex life evolution has proceeded through a long alternation of unicellular and multicellular states.
Selection of the fittest or selection of the luckiest: the emergence of Goodhart's law in evolution
University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；BOKU University（博库斯大学）；New York University Abu Dhabi（纽约大学阿布扎比分校）；Université de Toulouse（图卢兹大学）；Institut universitaire de France (IUF)（法国高等教育研究院）
Biological systems reach organizational complexity that far exceeds the complexity of any known inanimate objects. Biological entities undoubtedly obey the laws of quantum physics and statistical mechanics. However, is modern physics sufficient to adequately describe, model and explain the evolution of biological complexity? Detailed parallels have been drawn between statistical thermodynamics and the population-genetic theory of biological evolution. Based on these parallels, we outline new perspectives on biological innovation and major transitions in evolution, and introduce a biological eq…
