累积选择的适应
Adaptation by Cumulative Selection
AI总结：
本文提出累积选择理论，涵盖达尔文进化及其他适应过程，通过克隆生物、两性种群和神经网络等实例展示其应用。
摘要：
生物系统如长寿的克隆生物、整体共生体和类群挑战了传统的进化思维，因为它们在没有种群或繁殖的情况下进行适应。本文旨在提供一个总体的理论框架，该框架涵盖了标准的达尔文进化以及其他适应过程。这个框架被称为累积选择，我提供了一个通用的“食谱”来实现它。Lewontin的自然选择进化食谱被证明是累积选择的一个特例，但并非唯一。同样，繁殖、遗传和种群只是实现累积选择的一种方式。我讨论了几个其他累积选择的例子，包括克隆生物、两性种群、盖亚和神经网络。
英文摘要：
Biological systems like long-lived clonal organisms, holobionts and clades challenge traditional evolutionary thinking since they adapt without populations or reproduction. This paper aims to provide an overarching theoretical framework which encompasses standard Darwinian evolution as well as other processes of adaptation. This framework is cumulative selection and I provide a general `recipe' for it to occur. Lewontin's recipe for evolution by natural selection is shown to be a particular example of cumulative selection, but not the only one, with reproduction and populations just one way to perform cumulative selection. I discuss several other examples including clonal organisms, dioecious populations, holobionts, ecosystems, Gaia and neural networks.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
