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arXiv 1901.07582astro-ph.GA
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大质量“无星”核中的大质量和低质量原恒星

Massive and low-mass protostars in massive "starless" cores

Thushara Pillai, Jens Kauffmann, Qizhou Zhang, Patricio Sanhueza, Silvia Leurini, Ke Wang, T. K. Sridharan, Carsten König

摘要:

红外暗云(IRDC)G11.11 $-$ 0.12和G28.34 $+$ 0.06是我们银河系中研究得最好的两个IRDC。这两个云在不同的演化阶段拥有团块,包括两个云中的一个巨大的密集团块,即使在70和100 $μ$ m处也是黑暗的。这种看似静止的大质量致密团块被推测为是高质量恒星和星团的前身。我们用亚毫米阵列(SMA)在1毫米处观察了这两个“星前”区域,目的是表征这种核心的性质。我们表明,块碎片成几个低到高质量的核心内的包绕云的对流结构。然而,虽然整体的物理性质的集群可能表明一个无星相,我们发现,这两个地区举办多个流出。最大的核心,虽然70 $μ$米黑暗的两个团块显然与紧凑的流出。这种低光度的大质量核心可能是大质量原恒星演化的最早阶段。我们还确定了几个外流功能分布在最大规模的核心周围的大环境。我们推断,这些外流是由年轻的,低质量的原恒星,其核心质量低于我们的检测极限。这些发现表明,低质量的原恒星已经形成或在高质量恒星形成的最早阶段共同形成。

英文摘要:

The infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) G11.11$-$0.12 and G28.34$+$0.06 are two of the best-studied IRDCs in our Galaxy. These two clouds host clumps at different stages of evolution, including a massive dense clump in both clouds that is dark even at 70 and 100$μ$m. Such seemingly quiescent massive dense clumps have been speculated to harbor cores that are precursors of high-mass stars and clusters. We observed these two "prestellar" regions at 1mm with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) with the aim of characterizing the nature of such cores. We show that the clumps fragment into several low- to high-mass cores within the filamentary structure of the enveloping cloud. However, while the overall physical properties of the clump may indicate a starless phase, we find that both regions host multiple outflows. The most massive core though 70 $μ$m dark in both clumps is clearly associated with compact outflows. Such low-luminosity, massive cores are potentially the earliest stage in the evolution of a massive protostar. We also identify several outflow features distributed in the large environment around the most massive core. We infer that these outflows are being powered by young, low-mass protostars whose core mass is below our detection limit. These findings suggest that low-mass protostars have already formed or are coevally formed at the earliest phase of high-mass star formation.

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