The origin of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that inhabit the centers of massive galaxies is largely unconstrained. Remnants from supermassive stars (SMSs) with masses around 10,000 solar masses provide the ideal seed candidates, known as direct collapse black holes. However, their very existence and formation environment in the early Universe are still under debate, with their supposed rarity further exacerbating the problem of modeling their ab-initio formation. SMS models have shown that rapid collapse, with an infall rate above a critical value, in metal-free haloes is a requirement for the formation of a proto-stellar core which will then form an SMS. Using a radiation hydrodynamics simulation of early galaxy formation, we show the natural emergence of metal-free haloes both massive enough, and with sufficiently high infall rates, to form an SMS. We find that haloes that are exposed to both a Lyman-Werner intensity of J_LW ~ 3 J_21 and that undergo at least one period of rapid growth early in their evolution are ideal cradles for SMS formation. This rapid growth induces substantial dynamical heating, amplifying the existing Lyman-Werner suppression originating from a group of young galaxies 20 kiloparsecs away. Our results strongly indicate that structure formation dynamics, rather than a critical Lyman-Werner (LW) flux, may be the main driver of massive black hole formation in the early Universe. We find that massive black hole seeds may be much more common in overdense regions of the early Universe than previously considered with a comoving number density up to 10^-3 Mpc^-3.
JWST Spectroscopic View of a Rapidly Growing Dust-obscured Quasar at $z \sim 4$: Effect of Dust Extinction Correction on Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratio Estimation
Stars can either be formed in or captured by the accretion disks in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). These AGN stars are irradiated and subject to extreme levels of accretion, which can turn even low-mass stars into very massive ones ($M > 100 {\rm M}_\odot$) whose evolution may result in the formation of massive compact objects ($M > 10 {\rm M}_\odot$). Here we explore the spins of these AGN stars and the remnants they leave behind. We find that AGN stars rapidly spin up via accretion, eventually reaching near-critical rotation rates. They further maintain near-critical rotation even as they she…
Changing-look active galactic nuclei (AGNs) present an important laboratory to understand the origin and physical properties of the broad-line region (BLR). We investigate follow-up optical spectroscopy spanning $\sim 500$ days after the outburst of the changing-look AGN 1ES\,1927+654. The emission lines displayed dramatic, systematic variations in intensity, velocity width, velocity shift, and symmetry. Analysis of optical spectra and multi-band images indicate that the host galaxy contains a pseudobulge and a total stellar mass of $3.56_{-0.35}^{+0.38} \times 10^{9}\, M_\odot$. Enhanced cont…
We present the optical and infrared properties of 39 extremely radio-loud galaxies discovered by cross-matching the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) deep optical imaging survey and VLA/FIRST 1.4 GHz radio survey. The recent Subaru/HSC strategic survey revealed optically-faint radio galaxies (RG) down to $g_\mathrm{AB} \sim 26$, opening a new parameter space of extremely radio-loud galaxies (ERGs) with radio-loudness parameter of $\log \mathcal{R}_\mathrm{rest} = \log (f_{1.4 \mathrm{GHz,rest}}/f_{g,\mathrm{rest}}) >4$. Because of their optical faintness and small number density of $\sim1~$deg$^{…
Changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) as a new subpopulation challenge some fundamental physics of AGNs because the timescales of the phenomenon can hardly be reconciled with accretion disk models. In this Letter{\textit{}}, we demonstrate the extreme case: close binaries of supermassive black holes (CB-SMBHs) with high eccentricities are able to trigger the CL transition through one orbit. In this scenario, binary black holes build up their own mini-disks by peeling gas off the inner edges of the circumbinary disk during the apastron phase, after which they tidally interact with the …
HYPERION. The cold ISM of rapidly growing $z>6$ quasars: diverse gas reservoirs, dust enrichment, and feedback signatures
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe（宇宙基础物理研究所）；INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste（意大利国家天体物理研究所的里雅斯特天文台）；INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚空间天体物理学与科学观测站）；Scuola Normale Superiore（比萨高等师范学院）
The early dynamical evolution of star clusters near the Galactic Centre
我们研究了在银河系中心（GC）强潮汐场中的Plummer球和子结构（分形）恒星形成区的动力学演化，看看什么样的初始条件可以产生一个类似拱门的大质量星团由$\sim 2$ Myr。我们发现，任何初始分布必须包含在其初始潮汐半径内才能生存，这就为$\sim$ 600 M $_\odot$ pc $^{-3}$（如果拱距GC 30 pc）或$\sim$ 200 M $_\odot$ pc $^{-3}$（如果拱距GC 100 pc）的初始密度设定了下限。生存的普卢默球变化不大，除了动态质量分离，但最初的分形分布迅速删除子结构，动态质量分离，并通过200万年看起来非常相似的初始普卢默球，因此，它几乎是不可能确定的初始条件集群在强潮汐场。
We investigate the orbital motions of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) in the halo of the Milky Way (MW) to understand their possible effects on the diversity of the star formation histories seen in these MW satellites. In this work, we explicitly consider a time-varying gravitational potential due to the growth of the MW's dark halo mass to calculate the long-term orbital evolutions of the dSphs, guided with {\it Gaia} DR2 proper motions, over the past 13.5 billion years. We find that the infall time of a satellite, defined at which the galaxy first crosses within the growing virial radius o…
The Star Formation Relation for Regions in the Galactic Plane: The Effect of Spatial Resolution
我们研究了分子气体面密度和恒星形成率面密度之间的关系，在一个11平方度的区域的银道面。来自Bolocam银河平面巡天的1.1毫米尘埃连续体和来自WISE全天巡天的22微米辐射分别被用作分子气体和恒星形成率的示踪剂，横跨银河经度31.5 > l > 20.5和银河纬度0.5 > b >-0.5。通过将图像卷积到更大的尺度，在从33弧秒到20弧分的分辨率范围内研究了这种关系。1.1毫米和22微米之间的像素与像素的相关性在小尺度下迅速增加，并在5 - 8弧分的尺度下趋于平稳。我们研究了恒星形成关系的基础上逐像素分析和1.1毫米和22微米的峰值分析。恒星形成关系被发现是近似线性的，在所有空间尺度上关系的形式都没有显着变化，并且位于Kennicutt（1998）的河外关系之上。平均天然气耗尽时间约为2亿年，在不同尺度下变化不大，但耗尽时间的离散度随着尺度的增大而减小。
The Galactic Centre is known to have undergone a recent star formation episode a few Myrs ago, which likely produced many T Tauri stars hosting circumstellar discs. It has been suggested that these discs may be the compact and dusty ionized sources identified as ``G-clouds''. Given the Galactic Centre's hostile environment, we study the possible evolutionary pathways these discs experience. We compute new external photoevaporation models applicable to discs in the Galactic Centre that account for the sub-sonic launching of the wind and absorption of UV photons by dust. Using evolutionary disc …
Stellar-mass BHs (sBHs) are predicted to be embedded in active galactic nuclei (AGN) disks due to gravitational drag and in-situ star formation. However, we find that due to a high gas density in an AGN disk environment, compact objects may rapidly grow to intermediate-mass BHs and deplete matter from the AGN disk unless accretion is suppressed by some feedback process(es). These consequences are inconsistent with AGN observations and the dynamics of the Galactic center. Here we consider mechanical feedback mechanisms for the reduction of gas accretion. Rapidly accreting sBHs launch winds and/…
HD 93521 is a massive, rapidly rotating star that is located about 1 kpc above the Galactic disk, and the evolutionary age for its estimated mass is much less than the time-of-flight if it was ejected from the disk. Here we present a re-assessment of both the evolutionary and kinematical timescales for HD 93521. We calculate a time-of-flight of 39 +/- 3 Myr based upon the distance and proper motions from Gaia EDR3 and a summary of radial velocity measurements. We then determine the stellar luminosity using a rotational model combined with the observed spectral energy distribution and distance.…
Disc fragmentation. II. Ejection of low mass Free Floating Planets from growing binary systems
University of Leicester（莱斯特大学）；IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, CNES（法国图卢兹大学/国家科学研究中心/保罗·萨巴蒂尔大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）
