多元宇宙之外的物理学：自然性和对基本理论的探索
Physics Beyond the Multiverse - Naturalness and the Quest for a Fundamental Theory
摘要：
微调和自然性是额外的经验理论评估，反映了我们的期望，科学理论应该如何提供对所观察到的现象的基础的直观理解。最近，LHC缺乏新的物理学，以及我们最好的基础理论所预测的替代物理现实的多元宇宙的理论证据，使人们对这些概念的有效性产生了怀疑。在这篇文章中，我们认为，关于微调的讨论不应该主要集中在一个基本理论所期望的功能，而是在一个理论首先需要资格作为基本的问题。通过论证宇宙的基本描述应该具有零熵，我们为现实的最基本层发展了一个“整体”概念：宇宙的基本描述是宇宙本身，被理解为纠缠的量子态。采用量子力学的普遍适用性，在这个框架中，子系统的行为可以被理解为通过“退相干透镜”感知的纠缠量子宇宙的透视体验。在这幅图景中，基本的实在是非定域的，有效理论中的微调巧合可以用类似于EPR相关性的方式来理解。这个概念提供了一个新的观点的主题自然性和微调，因为它表明，微调的问题和提示的人为解释是一个人工制品的理论建立在子系统，而不是在基本的描述。最近在量子引力方面的工作旨在从纠缠熵理解时空几何，这可以被解释为这种范式转变的第一个迹象。
英文摘要：
Finetuning and Naturalness are extra-empirical theory assessments that reflect our expectation how scientific theories should provide an intuitive understanding about the foundations underlying the observed phenomena. Recently, the absence of new physics at the LHC and the theoretical evidence for a multiverse of alternative physical realities, predicted by our best fundamental theories, have casted doubts about the validity of these concepts. In this essay we argue that the discussion about Finetuning should not predominantly concentrate on the desired features a fundamental theory is expected to have, but rather on the question what a theory needs to qualify as fundamental in the first place. By arguing that a fundamental description of the Universe should possess zero entropy, we develop a 'holistic' concept for the most fundamental layer of reality: The fundamental description of the Universe is the Universe itself, understood as an entangled quantum state. Adopting a universal applicability of quantum mechanics, in this framework the behavior of subsystems can be understood as the perspectival experience of an entangled quantum Universe perceived through the "lens of decoherence". In this picture the fundamental reality is non-local, and finetuned coincidences in effective theories may be understood in a way similar to EPR-correlations. This notion provides a fresh view on the topic of Naturalness and Finetuning since it suggests that Finetuning problems and hints for anthropic explanations are an artefact of theories building up on subsystems rather than on the fundamental description. Recent work in quantum gravity aiming at an understanding of spacetime geometry from entanglement entropy could be interpreted as a first sign of such a paradigm shift.
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