18 pages, invited contribution to appear in "Relativistic Geodesy: Foundations and Applications", D. Puetzfeld et al. (eds.), 2018; v2: matches version published in: D. Puetzfeld and C. Lämmerzahl (eds.) "Relativistic Geodesy" (Springer, Cham, 2019), pp. 143-157
发表信息：
Fundamental Theories of Physics 196 (2019) 143-157
Gravity gradiometry within the framework of the general theory of relativity involves the measurement of the elements of the relativistic tidal matrix, which is theoretically obtained via the projection of the spacetime curvature tensor upon the nonrotating orthonormal tetrad frame of a geodesic observer. The behavior of the measured components of the curvature tensor under Lorentz boosts is briefly described in connection with the existence of certain special tidal directions. Relativistic gravity gradiometry in the exterior gravitational field of a rotating mass is discussed and a gravitomagnetic beat effect along an inclined spherical geodesic orbit is elucidated.
With continuous advances in related technologies, relativistic gravitational experiments with orbiting gradiometers becomes feasible, which could naturally be incorporated into future satellite gravity missions. Tests of Chern-Simons modified gravity are meaningful since such a modification gives us insights into (possible) parity-violations in gravitation. In this work, we derive, at the post-Newtonian level, the new observables of secular gradients from the non-dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity, which will greatly improve the constraint on the mass scale $M_{CS}$ that may be drawn from…
With continuous advances in technology, future satellite gradiometry missions will be capable of performing precision relativistic experiments and imposing constraints on modern gravity theories. To this end, the full first-order post-Newtonian tidal tensor under inertially guided and Earth-pointing local frames along post-Newtonian orbits is worked out. The physical picture behind the "Mashhoon-Theiss anomaly" is explained at the post-Newtonian level. The relativistic precession of the local frame with respect to the sidereal frame will produce modulations of Newtonian tidal forces along cert…
How does one measure the gravitational field? We give explicit answers to this fundamental question and show how all components of the curvature tensor, which represents the gravitational field in Einstein's theory of General Relativity, can be obtained by means of two different methods. The first method relies on the measuring the accelerations of a suitably prepared set of test bodies relative to the observer. The second methods utilizes a set of suitably prepared clocks. The methods discussed here form the basis of relativistic (clock) gradiometry and are of direct operational relevance for…
In general relativity, relativistic gravity gradiometry involves the measurement of the relativistic tidal matrix, which is theoretically obtained from the projection of the Riemann curvature tensor onto the orthonormal tetrad frame of an observer. The observer's 4-velocity vector defines its local temporal axis and its local spatial frame is defined by a set of three orthonormal nonrotating gyro directions. The general tidal matrix for the timelike geodesics of Kerr spacetime has been calculated by Marck\cite{Marck}. We are interested in the measured components of the curvature tensor along t…
Parity violation in gravity, if existed, could have important implications, and it is meaningful to search and test the possible observational effects. Chern-Simons modified gravity serves as a natural model for gravitational parity-violations. Especially, considering extensions to Einstein-Hilbert action up to second order curvature terms, it is known that theories of gravitational parity-violation will reduce to the dynamical Chern-Simons gravity. In this letter, we outline the theoretical principles of testing the dynamical Chern-Simons gravity with orbiting gravity gradiometers, which coul…
We provide a set of exact spherically symmetric solutions describing the interior of a relativistic star under f(T) modified gravity. To tackle the problem with lucidity we also assume the existence of a conformal Killing vector field within this f(T) gravity. We study several cases of interest to explore physically valid features of the solutions.
Simulation and experimental realization of acoustic black holes in analogue gravity systems have lead to a novel understanding of relevant phenomena such as Hawking radiation or superradiance. We explore here the possibility to use relativistic systems for simulating rotating black hole solutions and possibly get an acoustic analogue of a Kerr black hole. In doing so we demonstrate a precise relation between non-relativistic and relativistic solutions and provide a new class of vortex solutions for relativistic systems. Such solutions might be used in the future as a test bed in numerical simu…
We consider the possibility of an alternative gravity theory explaining the dynamics of galactic systems without dark matter. From very general assumptions about the structure of a relativistic gravity theory we derive a general expression for the metric to order $(v/c)^2$. This allows us to compare the predictions of the theory with various experimental data: the Newtonian limit, light deflection and retardation, rotation of galaxies and gravitational lensing. Our general conclusion is that the possibility for any gravity theory to explain the behaviour of galaxies without dark matter is rath…
We present an exact solution to the problem of the relativistic motion of 2 point masses in $(1+1)$ dimensional dilaton gravity. The motion of the bodies is governed entirely by their mutual gravitational influence, and the spacetime metric is likewise fully determined by their stress-energy. A Newtonian limit exists, and there is a static gravitational potential. Our solution gives the exact Hamiltonian to infinite order in the gravitational coupling constant.
We give an overview on the status and on the perspectives of Finsler gravity, beginning with a discussion of various motivations for considering a Finslerian modification of General Relativity. The subjects covered include Finslerian versions of Maxwell's equations, of the Klein-Gordon equation and of the Dirac equation, and several experimental tests of Finsler gravity.
On incorporating special relativity theory into an extended equivalence principle, post-Newtonian gravitational phenomena beyond that originally predicted by Einstein are predicted (required), such as geodetic and gravitomagnetic precessions of local inertial frames, and precession of Mercury's orbital perihelion. Why were not these phenomena predicted in the years 1907-1911? The unique 1/c^2 order dynamical equations for clock rates and motion of both bodies and light in local gravity are derived which guarantee fulfillment of the special relativistic equivalence principle.
The Earth's geoid is one of the most essential and fundamental concepts to provide a gravity field-related height reference in geodesy and associated sciences. To keep up with the ever-increasing experimental capabilities and to consistently interpret high-precision measurements without any doubt, a relativistic treatment of geodetic notions (including the geoid) within Einstein's theory of General Relativity is inevitable. Building on the theoretical construction of isochronometric surfaces and the so-called redshift potential for clock comparison, we define a relativistic gravity potential a…
We review the foundations of Einstein's general theory of relativity, discuss recent progress in the tests of relativistic gravity, and present motivations for new generation of high-accuracy gravitational experiments. We discuss the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics anticipated in the near future and evaluate discovery potential of the recently proposed gravitational experiments.
For testing gravity and detecting gravitational waves in space, deep-space laser ranging using drag-free spacecraft is a common method. Deep space provides a large arena and a long integration time. Laser technology provides measurement sensitivity, while drag-free technology ensures that gravitational phenomenon to be measured with least spurious noises. In this talk, we give an overview of motivations and methods of various space missions/proposals testing relativistic gravity and detecting gravitational waves, and refer to various references.
The problem of time in the quantization of gravity arises from the fact that time in Schroedinger's equation is a parameter. This sets time apart from the spatial coordinates, represented by operators in quantum mechanics (QM). Thus "time" in QM and "time" in General Relativity (GR) are seen as mutually incompatible notions. The introduction of a dy- namical time operator in relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), that in the Heisenberg representation is also a function of the parameter t (iden- tifed as the laboratory time), prompts to examine whether it can help to solve the disfunction referr…
In this work we investigate the structure of neutron stars in modified f(T) gravity models. We find that, unlike the f(R) models, the equations of motion put a rather strict constraint on the possible f(T) functions. Specifically, after analyzing the problem in two different choice of coordinates with spherical symmetry, we conclude that the relativistic neutron star solution in f(T) gravity models is possible only if f(T) is a linear function of the torsion scalar T, that is in the case of Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity.
Small-eccentricity binary pulsars with white dwarf companions provide excellent test laboratories for various effects predicted by alternative theories of gravity, in particular tests for the emission of gravitational dipole radiation and the existence of gravitational Stark effects. We will present new limits to these effects. The statistical analysis presented here, for the first time, takes appropriately care of selection effects.
We present a quantum theory of gravity which is in agreement with observation in the relativistic domain. The theory is not relativistic, but a Galilean invariant generalization of Lorentz-Poincare ether theory to quantum gravity. If we apply the methodological rule that the best available theory has to be preferred, we have to reject the relativistic paradigm and return to Galilean invariant ether theory.
We investigate in this paper the structures of neutron and quark stars in f(T) theory of gravity where T denotes the torsion scalar. Attention is attached to the TOV type equations of this theory and numerical integrations of these equations are performed with suitable EoS. We search for the deviation of the mass-radius diagrams for power-law and exponential type correction from the TT gravity. Our results show that for some values of the input parameters appearing in the considered models, f(T) theory promotes more the structures of the relativistic stars, in consistency with the observationa…
Before the 1970s, precision tests for gravity theories were constrained to the weak gravitational fields of the Solar system. Hence, only the weak-field slow-motion aspects of relativistic celestial mechanics could be investigated. Testing gravity beyond the first post-Newtonian contributions was for a long time out of reach. The discovery of the first binary pulsar by Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor in the summer of 1974 initiated a completely new field for testing the relativistic dynamics of gravitationally interacting bodies. For the first time the back reaction of gravitational wave emiss…
We provide a constrained Hamiltonian analysis of a non relativistic Schrodinger field in 2+1 dimensions , coupled with Chern - Simons gravity. The coupling is achieved by the recently advanced Galilean gauge theory \cite{BMM1},\cite{ BMM2}, \cite{BM4}. The calculations are repeated with a truncated model to show that deviation from Galilean gauge theory makes the theory untenable. The issue of nonrelativistic spatial diffeomorphism is discussed in this context.
Any metric theory of gravity whose interaction with quantum particles is described by a covariant wave equation is equivalent to a vector theory that satisfies Maxwell-type equations identically. This result does not depend on any particular set of field equations for the metric tensor, but only on covariance. It is derived in the linear case, but can be extended to any order of approximation in the metric deviation. In this formulation of the interaction of gravity with matter, angular momentum and momentum are conserved locally.
We study the possibility to explain the mystery of the dark matter through the transition from General Relativity to embedding gravity. This modification of gravity, which was proposed by Regge and Teitelboim, is based on a simple string-inspired geometrical principle: our spacetime is considered here as a 4-dimensional surface in a flat bulk. We show that among the solutions of embedding gravity, there is a class of solutions equivalent to solutions of GR with an additional contribution of non-relativistic embedding matter, which can serve as cold dark matter. We prove the stability of such t…
The Averaging problem in general relativity and cosmology is discussed. The approach of macroscopic gravity to resolve the problem is presented. An exact cosmological solution to the equations of macroscopic gravity is given and its properties are discussed. Contents: 1. Introduction to General Relativity 2. General Relativity -> Relativistic Cosmology 3. Introduction to Relativistic Cosmology 4. Relativistic Cosmology -> Mathematical Cosmology 5. Averaging Problem in Relativistic Cosmology 6. History of the Averaging Problem 7. Averaging and FLRW Cosmologies 8. Averaging Problem in General Re…
Regge-Teitelboim embedding gravity is the modified gravity based on a simple string-inspired geometrical principle: our spacetime is considered here as a 4-dimensional surface in a flat bulk. This theory is similar to the recently popular theory of mimetic gravity: the modification of gravity appears in both theories as a result of the change of variables in the action of General Relativity. Embedding gravity, as well as mimetic gravity, can be used in explaining the dark matter mystery since, in both cases, the modified theory can be presented as General Relativity with additional fictitious …
We present the non-relativistic limit of the stellar structure equations of Ricci-based gravities, a family of metric-affine theories whose Lagrangian is built via contractions of the metric with the Ricci tensor of an a priori independent connection. We find that this limit is characterized by four parameters that arise in the expansion of several geometric quantities in powers of the stress-energy tensor of the matter fields. We discuss the relevance of this result for the phenomenology of non-relativistic stars, such as main-sequence stars as well as several substellar objects.
Recent experiments have successfully tested Einstein's general theory of relativity to remarkable precision. We discuss recent progress in the tests of relativistic gravity in the solar system and present motivations for the new generation of high-accuracy gravitational experiments. We especially focus on the concepts aiming to probe parametrized-post-Newtonian parameter $γ$ and evaluate the discovery potential of the recently proposed experiments.
We present here a relativistic theory of gravity in which the spacetime metric is derived from a single scalar field $Φ$. The field equation, derived from a simple variational principle, is a non-linear flat-space four-dimensional wave equation which is particularly suited for numerical evolution. We demonstrate that while this theory does not generate results which are exactly identical quantitatively to those of general relativity (GR), many of the qualitative features of the full GR theory are reproduced to a reasonable approximation. The advantage of this formulation lies in the fact that …
The variant of the quintessence theory is proposed in order to get an accelerated expansion of the Friedmannian Universe in the frameworks of relativistic theory of gravitation. The substance of quintessence is built up the scalar field of dark energy. It is shown, that function V(Phi), which factorising scalar field Lagrangian (Phi is a scalar field) has no influence on the evolution of the Universe. Some relations, allowing to find explicit dependence Phi on time, were found, provided given function V(Phi).
We investigate the effects of the gravitational field on the quantum dynamics of non-relativistic particles. We consider N non-relativistic particles, interacting with the linearized gravitational field. Using the Feynman - Vernon influence functional technique, we trace out the graviton field, to obtain a master equation for the system of particles to first order in $G$. The effective interaction between the particles, as well as the self-interaction is non-local in time and in general non-markovian. We show that the gravitational self-interaction cannot be held responsible for decoherence of…
$\tildeδ$ Gravity is a gravitational field model, where the geometry is governed by two symmetric tensors, $g_{μν}$ and $\tilde{g}_{μν}$, and new matter fields ($\tildeδ$ Matter fields) are added to the original matter fields. These new components appear motivated by a new symmetry, called $\tildeδ$ symmetry. In previous works, the model is used to explain the expansion of the Universe without Dark Energy. This result and the additional contribution to the mass by $\tildeδ$ Matter are motivations to study the Dark Matter effect with $\tildeδ$ Gravity. In this work, we will derive the Non-Relat…
We study the static and spherical symmetric (SSS) configurations in the non-minimal model of the de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity with a flat reference metric. Considering the modified Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, the Bianchi identity, and energy-momentum conservation, we find a new algebraic equation for the radial coordinate of the reference metric. We demonstrate that this equation suggests an absence of the Vainshtein mechanism in the minimal model of the dRGT massive gravity, while it has two branches of solutions where one connects with the Schwarzschild spac…
Post-relativistic gravity is a hidden variable theory for general relativity. It introduces the pre-relativistic notions absolute space, absolute time, and ether as hidden variables into general relativity. Evolution is defined by the equations of general relativity and the harmonic coordinate condition interpreted as a physical equation. There are minor differences in predictions compared with general relativity (i.e. trivial topology of the universe is predicted). The unobservable absolute time is designed to solve the problem of time in quantization of general relativity. Background space a…
This paper discusses the somewhat unintuitive conjecture that many Lorentz-invariant many-particle models can be reinterpreted to satisfy the gtr field equations. It is shown that a careful remapping of coordinates yields a non-trivial Riemannian manifold. Furthermore an energy-momentum tensor is outlined and it is argued that it may converge to its classical counterpart in the macroscopic limit. These ideas could possibly be used to partially relieve us of some the resilient problems of adding spacetime curvature to modern QM theories.
It was shown, that the presence of the so-called X-matter with an equation of state, which lies between limits of the strong and weak energy conditions, allows the variety of the cosmological scenarios in the relativistic theory of gravity. In spite of the fixed negative sign of the cosmological term in the field equations with massive graviton, it is possible to obtain the solutions with accelerated and complicated loitering expansion of the universe. The numerical estimation of the universe's age agrees with the modern observational data if the upper limit of the graviton's mass is 10^{-71} …
Does relativistic gravity provide arguments against the existence of a preferred frame? Our answer is negative. We define a viable theory of gravity with preferred frame. In this theory, the EEP holds exactly, and the Einstein equations of GR limit are obtained in a natural limit. Despite some remarkable differences (stable "frozen stars" instead of black holes, a "big bounce" instead of the big bang, exclusion of nontrivial topologies and closed causal loops, and a preference for a flat universe) the theory is viable. The equations of the theory are derived from simple axioms about some funda…
The generalization of the concept of homogeneous gravitational field from Classical Mechanics was considered in the framework of Einstein's General Relativity by Bogorodskii. In this paper, I look for such a generalization in the framework of the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation. There exist a substantial difference between the solutions in these two theories. Unfortunately, the solution obtained according to the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation can't be accepted because it doesn't fulfill the Causality Principle in this theory. So, it remains open in RTG the problem of finding a generaliz…
The gravitational effects in the relativistic quantum mechanics are investigated in a relativistically derived version of Heaviside's speculative Gravity (in flat space-time) named here as Maxwellian Gravity. The standard Dirac's approach to the intrinsic spin in the fields of Maxwellian Gravity yields the gravitomagnetic moment of a Dirac (spin 1/2) particle exactly equals to its intrinsic spin. Violation of The Equivalence Principle (both at classical and quantum mechanical level) in the relativistic domain has also been reported in this work.
A compact summary of present fundamental physics is given and evaluated. Its 9 lines describe all observations exactly and contain both general relativity and the standard model of particle physics. Their precise agreement with experiments, in combination with their extreme simplicity and their internal consistency, suggest that there are no experimental effects beyond the two theories. The combined properties of the 9 lines also imply concrete suggestions for the microscopic constituents in a complete theory of relativistic quantum gravity. It is shown that the microscopic constituents cannot…
In this note, we examine the scattering of two identical fermions in theories where fermionic fields minimally coupled to higher derivative gravity. In particular, we consider the extension of general relativity with $R^2$ corrections or non-local terms. We expand the action of fermions around the flat space background and obtain two fermion-one graviton vertex. Then, by considering the scattering amplitude of two fermions, we calculate the non-relativistic limit and that obtain the potential for two fermion-fermion interaction which would be the usual Newtonian potential corrected with a Yuka…
We present a method of contraction that can be applied to re-construct the recent extended non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic algebras as well as corresponding action principles. The methodology involves the use of multiple copies of Poincaré algebra. Consequently, the contraction defines non-relativistic or ultra-relativistic limits of multimetric theories of gravity. In particular, we show that the non-relativistic scaling limit of bi-metric gravity corresponds to the recent formulation of an action principle for Newtonian gravity with a constant background mass density.
We show that Schwarzschild black hole solutions in asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) and de Sitter (dS) spaces may, up to a conformal factor, be reproduced in the framework of analogue gravity. The aforementioned derivation is performed using relativistic and non-relativistic Bose-Einstein condensates. In addition, we demonstrate that the (2+1) planar AdS black hole can be mapped into the non-relativistic acoustic metric. Given that AdS black holes are extensively employed in the gauge/gravity duality, we then comment on the possibility to study the AdS/CFT correspondence and gravity/fluid d…
In this work we present a non-relativistic gravity theory defined in four spacetime dimensions using the MacDowell-Mansouri geometrical formulation. We obtain a Newtonian gravity action which is constructed from the curvature of a Newton-Hooke version of the so-called Newtonian algebra. We show that the non-relativistic gravity theory presented here contains the Poisson equation in presence of a cosmological constant. Moreover we make contact with the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) approach for gravity by considering a particular ansatz for a given gauge field. We extend our results to a g…
We define a procedure that, starting from a relativistic theory of supergravity, leads to a consistent, non-relativistic version thereof. As a first application we use this limiting procedure to show how the Newton-Cartan formulation of non-relativistic gravity can be obtained from general relativity. Then we apply it in a supersymmetric case and derive a novel, non-relativistic, off-shell formulation of three-dimensional Newton-Cartan supergravity.
In this paper, we present novel and known non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic spin-3 algebras, by considering the Lie algebra expansion method. We start by applying the expansion procedure using different semigroups to the spin-3 extension of the AdS algebra, leading to spin-3 extensions of known non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic algebras. We then generalize the procedure considering an infinite-dimensional semigroup, which allows to obtain a spin-3 extension of two new infinite families of the Newton-Hooke type and AdS-Carroll type. We also present the construction of the gravity th…
Relativistic spin networks are defined by considering the spin covering of the group SO(4), SU(2) times SU(2). Relativistic quantum spins are related to the geometry of the 2-dimensional faces of a 4-simplex. This extends the idea of Ponzano and Regge that SU(2) spins are related to the geometry of the edges of a 3-simplex. This leads us to suggest that there may be a 4-dimensional state sum model for quantum gravity based on relativistic spin networks which parallels the construction of 3-dimensional quantum gravity from ordinary spin networks.
We present a general relativistic framework for studying gravitational effects in quantum mechanical phenomena. We concentrate our attention on the case of ultra-relativistic, spin-1/2 particles propagating in Kerr spacetime. The two-component Weyl equation with general relativistic corrections is obtained in the case of a slowly rotating, weak gravitational field. Our approach is also applied to neutrino oscillations in the presence of a gravitational field. The relative phase of two different mass eigenstates is calculated in radial propagation, and the result is compared with those of previ…
This paper can be seen as an exercise in how to adapt quantum mechanics from a strict relativistic perspective while being respectful and critical towards the experimental achievements of the contemporary theory. The result is a fully observer independent relativistic quantum mechanics for N particle systems without tachyonic solutions. A remaining worry for the moment is Bell's theorem.
The effects of highly relativistic spin-gravity coupling in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter background which follow from the Mathisson-Papapetrou equations are investigated. The dependence of gravitoelectric and gravitomagnetic components of gravitational field on the velocity of an observer which is moving in Schwarzschild-de Sitter's background is estimated. The action of gravitomagnetic components on a fast moving spinning particle is considered. Different cases of the highly relativistic circular orbits of a spinning particle which essentially differ from the corresponding geodesic orbits are …
The stability of binary orbits can significantly shape the gravity wave signal which future Earth-based interferometers hope to detect. The inner most stable circular orbit has been of interest as it marks the transition from the late inspiral to final plunge. We consider purely relativistic orbits beyond the circular assumption. Homoclinic orbits are of particular importance to the question of stability as they lie on the boundary between dynamical stability and instability. We identify these, estimate their rate of energy loss to gravity waves, and compute their gravitational waveforms.
We consider the N-body problem in (1+1) dimensional lineal gravity. For 2 point masses (N=2) we obtain an exact solution for the relativistic motion. In the equal mass case we obtain an explicit expression for their proper separation as a function of their mutual proper time. Our solution gives the exact Hamiltonian to infinite order in the gravitational coupling constant.
