用射电脉冲星检验相对论引力
Testing Relativistic Gravity with Radio Pulsars
摘要：
在20世纪70年代以前，引力理论的精确检验仅限于太阳系的弱引力场。因此，只有弱场慢运动方面的相对论天体力学可以研究。在很长一段时间里，要测试超越后牛顿理论的引力是遥不可及的。1974年夏天，罗素·赫尔斯和约瑟夫·泰勒发现了第一颗脉冲双星，这为检验引力相互作用天体的相对论动力学开辟了一个全新的领域。首次研究了引力波辐射对双星运动的反作用。此外，赫尔斯-泰勒脉冲星为强自引力天体的轨道动力学提供了第一个试验台。迄今为止，已知有许多可用于重力精密测试的仪器。根据它们的轨道特性和它们的伴星，这些双星提供了相对论动力学的各种不同方面的测试。除了检验比重理论，如广义相对论或标量-张量引力，还有一种方法可以在准稳态强场和辐射场中对引力与广义相对论的可能偏差进行一般性的约束。本文简要介绍了相对论天体力学这一现代领域的概况，回顾了射电望远镜重力测试的一些亮点，并讨论了它们对引力物理和天文学的影响，包括即将到来的引力波天文学。
英文摘要：
Before the 1970s, precision tests for gravity theories were constrained to the weak gravitational fields of the Solar system. Hence, only the weak-field slow-motion aspects of relativistic celestial mechanics could be investigated. Testing gravity beyond the first post-Newtonian contributions was for a long time out of reach. The discovery of the first binary pulsar by Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor in the summer of 1974 initiated a completely new field for testing the relativistic dynamics of gravitationally interacting bodies. For the first time the back reaction of gravitational wave emission on the binary motion could be studied. Furthermore, the Hulse-Taylor pulsar provided the first test bed for the orbital dynamics of strongly self-gravitating bodies. To date there are a number of pulsars known, which can be utilized for precision test of gravity. Depending on their orbital properties and their companion, these pulsars provide tests for various different aspects of relativistic dynamics. Besides tests of specific gravity theories, like general relativity or scalar-tensor gravity, there are pulsars that allow for generic constraints on potential deviations of gravity from general relativity in the quasi-stationary strong-field and the radiative regime. This article presents a brief overview of this modern field of relativistic celestial mechanics, reviews some of the highlights of gravity tests with radio pulsars, and discusses their implications for gravitational physics and astronomy, including the upcoming gravitational wave astronomy.
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