Laboratory Studies of Methane and Its Relationship to Prebiotic Chemistry
Kensei Kobayashi, Wolf D. Geppert, Nathalie Carrasco, Nils G. Holm, Olivier Mousis, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, J. Hunter Waite, Naoki Watanabe, Lucy M. Ziurys
In order to examine how the terrestrial life emerged, a number of laboratory experiments have been conducted since the 1950s. Methane has been one of the key molecules in these studies. In earlier studies, strongly reducing gas mixtures containing methane and ammonia were mainly used to simulate possible reactions in primitive Earth atmosphere, and amino acids and other organic compounds were detected. Since the primitive Earth atmosphere was estimated to be less reducing, contribution of extraterrestrial organics to the origin of life is considered quite important. Extraterrestrial organic chemistry has been experimentally and theoretically studied intensively, including laboratory experiments simulating interstellar molecular reactions. Endogenous and exogenous organics should have been supplied to the primitive ocean. Now submarine hydrothermal systems are considered one of the plausible sites of generation of life. Experiments simulating submarine hydrothermal systems where methane played an important role are now intensively being conducted. We have recognized the importance of such studies on possible reactions in other solar system bodies to understand the origins of life. Titan and other icy bodies, where methane plays significant roles, are especially good targets to be studied. In the case of Titan, not only methane-containing atmospheres but also liquidospheres composed of methane and other hydrocarbons have been used in simulation experiments. This paper summarizes experiments simulating various terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, and possible roles of methane in chemical evolution are discussed.
Quantifying Building Blocks of Life in Planetary Analog Materials: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry and Biosignature Identification
National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration / School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（国家深空探测重点实验室/地球与空间科学学院，中国科学技术大学）
High-Pressure Torsion-Induced Transformation of Adenosine Monophosphate: Insights into Prebiotic Chemistry of RNA by Astronomical Impacts
WPI, International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University（九州大学 WPI 碳中和能源国际研究所）；Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. - Carbon Neutral Research Center (MCI-CNRC), Kyushu University（三井化学株式会社-碳中和研究中心（与九州大学合作））；Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University（九州大学前沿综合研究大学院院汽车科学系）
Centro de Astrobiología（天体生物学中心）；Institute de Radioastronomie Millimétrique（毫米波射电天文学研究所）；Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；RIKEN（理化学研究所）；Towson University（陶森大学）；Instituto de Física Fundamental（基础物理研究所）；UKRI STFC（英国研究理事会科学与技术设施委员会）；NRC-Herzberg Institute（国家研究委员会赫茨伯格研究所）；Osservatorio di Arcetri（阿切特里天文台）；Venstpils University（文茨皮尔斯大学）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Observatorio de Yebes - OAN（耶贝斯天文台）；UPV/Biofisika Institute（巴斯克理工大学生物物理研究所）
Chemistry of Temperate Super-Earth and Mini-Neptune Atmospheric Hazes from Laboratory Experiments
很少有实验工作来探索在与外太阳系或早期地球的大气成分或温度非常不同的大气中形成的光化学烟雾的性质。随着太阳系外行星的发现数量达到数千，这个未开发的相空间值得探索。这项研究提出了测量的化学性质的烟雾颗粒产生的实验室模拟系外行星大气。我们使用甚高分辨率质谱仪测量大气室实验中产生的固体颗粒的化学成分。检测到许多复杂的分子种类，其化学通式为C $_w$ H $_x$ N $_y$ O $_z$。我们检测的数据，包括单糖甘油醛，各种氨基酸和核苷酸碱基，和几个糖衍生物的分子式的益生元的利益。此外，实验性的系外行星霾类似物表现出不同的溶解度特性，这为进一步了解超级地球和迷你海王星大气中光化学霾的化学或物理变化的可能性提供了见解。这些系外行星模拟粒子可以帮助我们更好地了解化学大气过程，并提出遥远世界原位大气生物前化学的可能来源。
Proton Irradiation of Primitive Atmospheres of Young Exoplanets and early Earth: $N_{\mathrm{2}}O$ Greenhouse Warming and Prebiotic Synthesis
Yokohama National University（横滨国立大学）；Institute of Science Tokyo（东京科学大学）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）；American University（美利坚大学）；Kyoto University（京都大学）；Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki（茨城县那珂郡东海村）；Tokyo City University（东京都立大学）；Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；NASA Langley Research Center（美国国家航空航天局兰利研究中心）
Mapping the Cloud-Driven Atmospheric Dynamics & Chemistry of an Isolated Exoplanet Analog with Harmonic Signatures
United States Air Force Academy（美国空军学院）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin（都柏林三一学院物理学院）；Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, IREX（蒙特利尔大学物理系）；Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学蒙梅格尼天文台）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）
Phase-dependent chemistry of WASP-43 b revealed with a suite of one-, two-, and three-dimensional models
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学安顿·潘内科克天文学研究所）；Space Science Institute（空间科学研究所）；Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi（阿布扎比纽约大学物理系）；Center for Astrophysics and Space Science (CASS), New York University Abu Dhabi（阿布扎比纽约大学天体物理学与空间科学中心）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学太空与宜居性中心）；LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité（巴黎天文台LIRA实验室，PSL大学，法国国家科学研究中心，索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学）；Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（动态气象实验室，IPSL，法国国家科学研究中心，索邦大学，巴黎高等师范学院，PSL大学，巴黎综合理工学院，巴黎理工学院）；Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica（中央研究院天文学及天体物理学研究所）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学天文学与天体物理学系）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系大气、海洋和行星物理组）
Habitable from the start: How initial planetary formation conditions may create habitable worlds
University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Auburn University（奥本大学）；Aix-Marseille University（艾克斯-马赛大学）
