广义相对论对具有GRAVITY的S2星轨道的影响
General relativistic effects on the orbit of the S2 star with GRAVITY
摘要：
本文的目的是研究不同的相对论效应影响的天体测量和/或光谱观测的S2，如横向多普勒频移，引力红移，近心推进和高阶广义相对论（GR）的影响，特别是由于黑洞的角动量的Lense-Thirring效应的重力检测。我们表明，与重力仪器和光谱仪SINFONI（光谱仪在近红外线积分场观测）也安装在VLT（甚大望远镜）获得的S2观测的组合将导致各种相对论效应的检测。根据影响，在几个月或几年内获得的S2监测将有可能进行这种检测。对Sgr~A* 的角动量的强约束（例如，在$1σ~=~0.1$）与S2星的关系将可能使用一个简单的恒星轨道模型，而不使用射线跟踪代码，但近似的引力透镜效应。然而，长时间的监测是必要的，因此，我们必须依靠发现更接近恒星附近的Sgr~A*，如果我们想有效地约束黑洞参数与恒星轨道在短时间内，或监测耀斑，如果他们围绕黑洞轨道。
英文摘要：
The goal of this paper is to investigate the detection by GRAVITY of different relativistic effects affecting the astrometric and/or spectroscopic observations of S2 such as the transverse Doppler shift, the gravitational redshift, the pericenter advance and higher-order general relativistic (GR) effects, in particular the Lense-Thirring effect due to the angular momentum of the black hole. We showed that the combination of S2 observations obtained with the GRAVITY instrument and the spectrograph SINFONI (Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared) also installed at the VLT (Very Large Telescope) will lead to the detection of various relativistic effects. Such detections will be possible with S2 monitorings obtained within a few months or years, depending on the effect. Strong constraints on the angular momentum of Sgr~A* (e.g., at $1σ~=~0.1$) with the S2 star will be possible with a simple stellar-orbit model without using a ray-tracing code but with approximating the gravitational lensing effect. However, long monitorings are necessary, and we thus must rely on the discovery of closer-in stars near Sgr~A* if we want to efficiently constrain the black hole parameters with stellar orbits in a short time, or monitor the flares if they orbit around the black hole.
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