Col-OSSOS: z Band Photometry Reveals Three Distinct TNO Surface Types
Rosemary E. Pike, Wesley C. Fraser, Megan E. Schwamb, JJ Kavelaars, Michael Marsset, Michele T. Bannister, Matthew J. Lehner, Shiang-Yu Wang, Mike Alexandersen,… 展开作者
Rosemary E. Pike, Wesley C. Fraser, Megan E. Schwamb, JJ Kavelaars, Michael Marsset, Michele T. Bannister, Matthew J. Lehner, Shiang-Yu Wang, Mike Alexandersen, Ying-Tung Chen, Brett J. Gladman, Stephen Gwyn, Jean-Marc Petit, Kathryn Volk
Several different classes of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been identified based on their optical and near-infrared colors. As part of the Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey, we have obtained $g$, $r$, and $z$ band photometry of 26 TNOs using Subaru and Gemini Observatories. Previous color surveys have not utilized $z$ band reflectance, and the inclusion of this band reveals significant surface reflectance variations between sub-populations. The colors of TNOs in $g-r$ and $r-z$ show obvious structure, and appear consistent with the previously measured bi-modality in $g-r$. The distribution of colors of the two dynamically excited surface types can be modeled using the two-component mixing models from Fraser \& Brown (2012). With the combination of $g-r$ and $r-z$, the dynamically excited classes can be separated cleanly into red and neutral surface classes. In $g - r$ and $r - z$, the two dynamically excited surface groups are also clearly distinct from the cold classical TNO surfaces, which are red, with $g-r\gtrsim$0.85 and $r-z\lesssim$0.6, while all dynamically excited objects with similar $g-r$ colors exhibit redder $r-z$ colors. The $z$ band photometry makes it possible for the first time to differentiate the red excited TNO surfaces from the red cold classical TNO surfaces. The discovery of different $r-z$ colors for these cold classical TNOs makes it possible to search for cold classical surfaces in other regions of the Kuiper belt and to completely separate cold classical TNOs from the dynamically excited population, which overlaps in orbital parameter space.
The accumulating, but small, set of large semi-major axis trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) shows an apparent clustering in the orientations of their orbits. This clustering must either be representative of the intrinsic distribution of these TNOs, or else arise as a result of observation biases and/or statistically expected variations for such a small set of detected objects. The clustered TNOs were detected across different and independent surveys, which has led to claims that the detections are therefore free of observational bias. This apparent clustering has led to the so-called "Planet 9" h…
OSSOS II: A Sharp Transition in the Absolute Magnitude Distribution of the Kuiper Belt's Scattering Population
我们测量的绝对星等，$H$，分布，$dN(H) \propto 10^{αH}$的散射海王星外天体（TNOs）作为其大小频率分布的代理。我们发现，散射TNOs的H-分布是不一致的单斜率分布，但必须过渡到$H_g \sim 9$周围的膝关节与浅斜率或diligent，这是一个微分下降其次是第二指数分布。我们的分析是基于一个样本的22个散射TNO从三个不同的TNO调查，加拿大-法国黄道面调查（CFEPS，Petit et al. 2011），Alexandersen et al.（2014），and the Outer Solar System Origins Survey（OSSOS，Bannister等人，2016），所有这些都提供了良好表征的检测阈值，结合宇宙起源模型的散射TNO人口的形成。我们测量的绝对星等分布结果与天体演化模型的选择无关。根据我们的分析，我们估计散射TNO的数量为（2.4-8.3）$\times 10^5$为$H_r < 12$。在各种地层情况下都可以看到一个弥散的$H$分布，它可以解释柯伊伯带科学中的几个难题。我们发现，一个diferous $H$分布同时解释了观察到的散射TNO，海王星特洛伊，冥王星，半人马座$H$分布，同时预测一个足够大的散射TNO人口作为唯一的供应的彗星家族。
The migration of Neptune's resonances through the proto-Kuiper belt has been imprinted in the distribution of small bodies in the outer Solar System. Here we analyze five published Neptune migration models in detail, focusing on the high pericenter distance (high-q) trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) near Neptune's 5:2 and 3:1 mean-motion resonances, because they have large resonant populations, are outside the main classical belt, and are relatively isolated from other strong resonances. We compare the observationally biased output from these dynamical models with the detected TNOs from the Outer…
Most known trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) gravitationally scattering off the giant planets have orbital inclinations consistent with an origin from the classical Kuiper belt, but a small fraction of these "scattering TNOs" have inclinations that are far too large (i > 45 deg) for this origin. These scattering outliers have previously been proposed to be interlopers from the Oort cloud or evidence of an undiscovered planet. Here we test these hypotheses using N-body simulations and the 69 centaurs and scattering TNOs detected in the Outer Solar Systems Origins Survey and its predecessors. We co…
Both physical and dynamical properties must be considered to constrain the origins of the dynamically excited distant Solar System populations. We present high-precision (g-r) colors for 25 small (Hr>5) dynamically excited Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and centaurs acquired as part of the Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS). We combine our dataset with previously published measurements and consider a set of 229 colors of outer Solar System objects on dynamically excited orbits. The overall color distribution is bimodal and can be decomposed into two distinct classes, …
The first two observational sky "blocks" of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) have significantly increased the number of well-characterized observed trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in Neptune's mean motion resonances. We describe the 31 securely resonant TNOs detected by OSSOS so far, and we use them to independently verify the resonant population models from the Canada-France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS; Gladman et al. 2012), with which we find broad agreement. We confirm that the 5:2 resonance is more populated than models of the outer Solar System's dynamical history predict; ou…
In the present-day Kuiper Belt, the number of compositional classes and the orbital distributions of these classes hold important cosmogonic implications for the Solar System. In a companion paper by Fraser et al., we demonstrate that the observed color distribution of small (H>6) Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) can be accounted for by the existence of only two composition classes, named brightIR and faintIR, where the range of colors in each class is governed by a mixture of two material end members. Here, we investigate the orbital distribution of the two color classes identified by Fraser et…
Col-OSSOS: Investigating the Origins of Different Surfaces in the Primordial Kuiper Belt
Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）；National Research Council of Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）；NRC-Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics（加拿大国家研究委员会赫尔茨伯格天体物理学与天文学研究所）；University of Canterbury（坎特伯雷大学）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；MIT（麻省理工学院）
The Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS) is acquiring near-simultaneous $g$, $r$, and $J$ photometry of unprecedented precision with the Gemini North Telescope, targeting nearly a hundred trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) brighter than $m_r=23.6$ mag discovered in the Outer Solar System Origins Survey. Combining the optical and near-infrared photometry with the well-characterized detection efficiency of the Col-OSSOS target sample will provide the first flux-limited compositional dynamical map of the outer Solar System. In this paper, we describe our observing strategy and…
There have been 77 TNOs discovered to be librating in the distant transneptunian resonances (beyond the 2:1 resonance, at semimajor axes greater than 47.7~AU) in four well-characterized surveys: the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) and three similar prior surveys. Here we use the OSSOS Survey Simulator to measure their intrinsic orbital distributions using an empirical parameterized model. Because many of the resonances had only one or very few detections, $j$:$k$ resonant objects were grouped by $k$ in order to have a better basis for comparison between models and reality. We also us…
The scattering trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) can be measured to smaller sizes than any other distant small-body population. We use the largest sample yet obtained, 68 discoveries, primarily by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), to constrain the slope of its luminosity distribution, with sensitivity to much fainter absolute $H$ magnitudes than previous work. Using the analysis technique in Shankman et al. (2016), we confirm that a single slope for the $H$-distribution is not an accurate representation of the scattering TNOs and Centaurs, and that a break in the distribution is requ…
The surface characterization of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (TNBs) is key to understanding the properties of the disk of planetesimals from which these objects formed. In the optical wavelengths, it has been demonstrated that most equal-sized component systems share similar colors, suggesting they have a similar composition. The color homogeneity of binary pairs contrasts with the overall diversity of colors in the Kuiper belt, which was interpreted as evidence that Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) formed from a locally homogeneous and globally heterogeneous protoplanetary disk. In this paradigm, b…
The Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), a wide-field imaging program in 2013-2017 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, surveyed 155 deg$^{2}$ of sky to depths of $m_r = 24.1$-25.2. We present 838 outer Solar System discoveries that are entirely free of ephemeris bias. This increases the inventory of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with accurately known orbits by nearly 50%. Each minor planet has 20-60 Gaia/Pan-STARRS-calibrated astrometric measurements made over 2-5 oppositions, which allows accurate classification of their orbits within the trans-Neptunian dynamical populations. The…
We report the discovery of the minor planet 2013 SY$_{99}$, on an exceptionally distant, highly eccentric orbit. With a perihelion of 50.0 au, 2013 SY$_{99}$'s orbit has a semi-major axis of $730 \pm 40$ au, the largest known for a high-perihelion trans-Neptunian object (TNO), well beyond those of (90377) Sedna and 2012 VP$_{113}$. Yet, with an aphelion of $1420 \pm 90$ au, 2013 SY$_{99}$'s orbit is interior to the region influenced by Galactic tides. Such TNOs are not thought to be produced in the current known planetary architecture of the Solar System, and they have informed the recent deba…
We report the discovery, tracking and detection circumstances for 85 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) from the first 42 deg$^{2}$ of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS). This ongoing $r$-band Solar System survey uses the 0.9 deg$^{2}$ field-of-view MegaPrime camera on the 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Our orbital elements for these TNOs are precise to a fractional semi-major axis uncertainty $<0.1\%$. We achieve this precision in just two oppositions, as compared to the normal 3-5 oppositions, via a dense observing cadence and innovative astrometric technique. These discoveries…
The Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS) has gathered high quality, near-simultaneous (g-r) and (r-J) colours of 92 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) with (u-g) and (r-z) gathered for some. We present the current state of the survey and data analysis. Recognizing that the optical colours of most icy bodies broadly follow the reddening curve, we present a new projection of the optical-NIR colours, which rectifies the main non-linear features in the optical-NIR along the ordinates. We find evidence for a bifurcation in the projected colours which presents itself as a diagonal em…
The cold main classical Kuiper Belt consists of those non-resonant small solar system bodies with low orbital inclinations and orbital semi-major axes between 42.4 and 47.7 au. These objects likely formed \textit{in situ} and the population has experienced minimal collisional modification since formation. Using the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) ensemble sample and characterization, combined with constraints from deeper surveys and supported by evidence from the Minor Planet Center catalog and the Deep Ecliptic Survey, we determine the absolute magnitude $H_r$ distribution of the co…
Observations show that 100-km-class Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) can be divided in (at least) two color groups, hereafter red (R, g-i<1.2) and very red (VR, g-i>1.2), reflecting a difference in their surface composition. This is thought to imply that KBOs formed over a relatively wide range of radial distance, r. The cold classicals at 42<r<47 au are predominantly VR and known Neptune Trojans at r=30 au are mostly R. Intriguingly, however, the dynamically hot KBOs show a mix of R and VR colors and no correlation of color with r. Here we perform migration/instability simulations where the Kuiper …
The recent discovery by Pan-STARRS1 of 1I/2017 U1 (`Oumuamua), on an unbound and hyperbolic orbit, offers a rare opportunity to explore the planetary formation processes of other stars, and the effect of the interstellar environment on a planetesimal surface. 1I/`Oumuamua's close encounter with the inner Solar System in 2017 October was a unique chance to make observations matching those used to characterize the small-body populations of our own Solar System. We present near-simultaneous g$^\prime$, r$^\prime$, and J photometry and colors of 1I/`Oumuamua from the 8.1-m Frederick C. Gillett Gem…
The cold classical Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) possess a high, $\gtrsim30\%$ binary fraction. Widely separated and dynamically fragile, these binary systems have been useful in tracing the origins of KBOs. A new class of binaries was recently identified by their colours. The so-called blue binaries are unanimously members of the less red compositional class, and exhibit a 100% binary fraction. They appear to be push-out survivors, emplaced in the classical region during Neptune's phases of outward migration. The presence of these binary systems implies that the majority of objects that formed n…
Dynamically excited objects within the Kuiper belt show a bimodal distribution in their surface colors, and these differing surface colors may be a tracer of where these objects formed. In this work we explore radial color distributions in the primordial planetesimal disk and implications for the positions of ice line/color transitions within the Kuiper belt's progenitor populations. We combine a full dynamical model of the Kuiper belt's evolution due to Neptune's migration with precise surface colors measured by the Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey in order to examine the true…
The largest trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) represent an extremely diverse collection of primitive bodies in the outer solar system. The community typically refers to these objects as dwarf planets, though the IAU acknowledges only four TNOs officially as such: Pluto, Eris, Makemake, and Haumea. We present a list of 36 potential candidates for reclassification as dwarf planets, namely candidate dwarf planets (CDPs), which cover a wide range of sizes, geometric albedos, surface colors and probably, composition. Understanding the properties across this population, and how those properties change …
The minor planets on orbits that are dynamically stable in Neptune's 1:1 resonance on Gyr timescales were likely emplaced by Neptune's outward migration. We explore the intrinsic libration amplitude, eccentricity, and inclination distribution of Neptune's stable Trojans, using the detections and survey efficiency of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) and Pan-STARRS1. We find that the libration amplitude of the stable Neptunian Trojan population can be well modeled as a Rayleigh distribution with a libration amplitude width $σ_{A_phi}$ of 15$^\circ$. When taken as a whole, the Neptun…
We investigate the origins of the photometrically Very Red and Less Red Trans-Neptunian Objects. We first reanalyse the dataset of Marsset et al. 2019 and find that, in addition to the known color-inclination correlation in hot TNOs, a similar trend exists for color-eccentricity. We show that VR TNOs are sharply constrained to eccentricities < 0.42 and inclinations < 21 deg, leading to a paucity of VR scattered disk and distant MMR objects. We then interpret these findings using N-body simulations accounting for Neptune's outward migration into a massless particles disk, and find that these ob…
Combined JWST and HST Deep Imaging to Characterize the Smallest Known Trans-Neptunian Objects
Northern Arizona University（北亚利桑那大学）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）；National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre（加拿大国家研究委员会赫茨伯格天文学与天体物理研究中心）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Universidad de Chile（智利大学）
Historical Surveys to Rubin First Look: Absolute Colors of trans-Neptunian objects
Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy A. Mickiewicz University（天体物理研究所，物理与天文学学院，米基维奇大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所，西班牙国家研究委员会）
本文通过整合SDSS、Col-OSSOS、DES和Rubin First Look数据，研究了trans-Neptunian天体的光度特性，得出633个天体的绝对颜色测量，揭示了相位角对颜色的影响，且无显著双峰或轨道参数相关性。
Colors and taxonomy of Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects
对半人马座和海王星外天体（TNO）表面性质的研究提供了有关外太阳系早期条件和演化的重要信息。由于大多数这些遥远的冰体都很微弱，测光目前是调查其中统计上重要数量的最佳技术。我们的目标是研究大样本外太阳系小天体的颜色特性，并确定它们的分类。我们分别利用甚大望远镜（欧洲南方天文台）的FORS 2和ISAAC仪器对半人马座和TNO进行了可见光和近红外测光。使用G模式分析，我们根据Barucci et al.（2005 a）系统推导出分类学分类。我们报告了31个天体的光度观测，其中10个天体的颜色是首次报道。28个半人马和TNOs已被分配到一个分类。我们将整个样本的38个对象（28个对象来自这项工作，10个对象来自DeMeo et al. 2009 a）与以前分类的TNOs和半人马结合起来，寻找分类和动态之间的相关性。我们比较了我们的光度测量结果的文献数据，发现暗示的异质性表面的4个对象。
Centaurs have orbits between Jupiter and Neptune and are thought to originate from the trans-Neptunian region. Observations of surface properties of Centaurs and comparison with those of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) would provide constraints on their origin and evolution. We analyzed imaging data of nine known Centaurs observed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) installed on the Subaru Telescope with the g and i band filters. Using the data available in the public HSC data archive as well as those obtained by the HSC Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) by the end of June, 2017, we obtained the g-…
Recent photometric surveys of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) have revealed that the cold classical TNOs have distinct z-band color characteristics, and occupy their own distinct surface class. This suggested the presence of an absorption band in the reflectance spectra of cold classicals at wavelengths above 0.8 micron. Here we present reflectance spectra spanning 0.55-1.0 micron for six TNOs occupying dynamically cold orbits at semimajor axes close to 44 au. Five of our spectra show a clear and broadly consistent reduction in spectral gradient above 0.8 micron that diverges from their linear …
Causal Evidence for the Primordiality of Colors in Trans-Neptunian Objects
Center for Astrophysics and Space Science (CASS)（天文与空间科学中心）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics and Department of Physics（天文与天体物理中心）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
2013 FY27 is the ninth intrinsically brightest Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO). We observed 2013 FY27 at thermal wavelengths with ALMA and in the optical with Magellan to determine its size and albedo for the first time and compare it to other dwarf planets. The geometric albedo of 2013 FY27 was found to be 0.17 -0.030+0.045, giving an effective diameter of D = 765 +80-85 km. 2013 FY27 has a size within the transition region between the largest few TNOs that have higher albedos and higher densities than smaller TNOs. No significant short-term optical light curve was found, with variations less th…
The Latitude Density Search utilized Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru Telescope to discover 60 moving objects in the outer Solar System, 54 of which have semi-major axes beyond 30 AU. The images were acquired in exceptional seeing (0.4") and reached a detection limit of m_r~=25.2. The two night arcs were used to calculate orbits which are poorly constrained, however, the distance and inclination are the parameters best constrained by short arcs and a reasonable determination can be made of which objects are cold classical TNOs and which are dynamically excited. We identify 10 objects as likely cold…
In the current model of early Solar System evolution, the stable members of the Jovian and Neptunian Trojan populations were captured into resonance from the leftover reservoir of planetesimals during the outward migration of the giant planets. As a result, both Jovian and Neptunian Trojans share a common origin with the primordial disk population, whose other surviving members constitute today's trans-Neptunian object (TNO) populations. The cold classical TNOs are ultra-red, while the dynamically excited "hot" population of TNOs contains a mixture of ultra-red and blue objects. In contrast, J…
The trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are small Solar System bodies at large distances from the Sun. As such, their physical properties are difficult to measure. Accurate determination of their physical parameters is essential to model and theorize the actual composition and distribution of the population, and to improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Solar System. The objective of this work is to construct phase curves in two filters, $V$ and $R$, of a large TNO sample obtaining absolute magnitudes ($H$) and phase coefficients ($β$), and study possible relations between …
Both Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are minor bodies found in the outer Solar System. Centaurs are a transient population that moves between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune, and they probably diffused out of the TNOs. TNOs move mainly beyond Neptune. Some of these objects display episodic cometary behaviour; a few percent of them are known to host binary companions. Here, we study the light-curves of two Centaurs -2060 Chiron (1977 UB) and 10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26)- and three TNOs -38628 Huya (2000 EB173), 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76), and 90482 Orcus (2004 DW)- and the colours of t…
We present a visible multi-band photometry of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) observed by the Subaru Telescope in the framework of Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) from March in 2014 to September in 2016. We measured the five broad-band (g, r, i, z, and Y) colors over the wavelength range from 0.4 um to 1.0 um for 30 known TNOs using the HSC-SSP survey data covering ~500 deg2 of sky within +/-30 deg of ecliptic latitude. This dataset allows us to characterize the dynamical classes based on visible reflectance spectra as well as to examine the relationship between colors and …
The size and mass distribution of cold classical TNOs for $5<H<13$
University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre（加拿大国家研究委员会赫茨伯格天体物理学研究中心）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）；Northern Arizona University（北亚利桑那大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Using data from the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope, we present photometric observations of a sample of 100 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) beyond 2.2 μm. These observations, collected with two broad-band filters centered at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, were done in order to study the surface composition of TNOs, which are too faint to obtain spectroscopic measurements. With this aim, we have developed a method for the identification of different materials that are found on the surfaces of TNOs. In our sample, we detected objects with colors that are consistent with the presence of smal…
We present the first-ever measurements of the surface colors and rotational properties of a recently discovered distant object in an unusual orbit 2016 ND21. In 2017, this object was close to its perihelion, which allowed us to observe it with a 2.0-m telescope at the Peak Terskol observatory. Broadband photometric observations of 2016 ND21 were carried out in October and December of 2017 in standard BVR filters of the Johnson-Cousins photometric system. During our observations, we did not detect any cometary activity. We found the rotational period of 17.53{\pm}0.02 hr, while another a little…
Linear Continuum Modelling to Explain The Majority of Bulk Features of Kuiper Belt Object Spectra
National Research Council, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre（国家研究委员会，赫茨伯格天文学和天体物理学研究中心）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
In this work, we focused on observations of six trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) whose apparent magnitudes are brighter than 20 mag. We present the results of astrometric and photometric observations of (134340) Pluto, (136108) Haumea, (136472) Makemake, (136199) Eris, (90482) Orcus and (20000) Varuna obtained at the Kyiv comet station (Code MPC 585) in 2017-2019. For observations, we used the 0.7-m reflector AZT-8 with the FLI PL4710 CCD camera and filters of the Johnson-Cousins photometric system. From our images, we measured the objects astrometric positions, calculated apparent magnitudes in…
Constraining the size, shape, and albedo of the large Trans-Neptunian Object (28978) Ixion with multi-chord stellar occultations
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所）；LIRA, CNRS UMR8254, Observatoire de Paris（巴黎天文台）；Federal University of Technology – Paraná (PPGFA/UTFPR)（巴拉那联邦技术大学）；Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (LIneA)（跨机构电子天文学实验室）；Observatório Nacional (MCTI)（国家天文台）；LTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Lille, LNE, CNRS（巴黎天文台）；Türkiye National Observatories, TUG（土耳其国家天文台）；The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK)（土耳其科学与技术研究委员会）；naXys, Department of Mathematics, University of Namur（南纳慕尔大学）；Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Observatory of Valongo（里约热内卢联邦大学瓦隆戈天文台）；Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia（乌贝兰迪亚联邦大学物理研究所）；UNESP – São Paulo State University, Grupo de Dinâmica Orbital e Planetologia（圣保罗州立大学）；Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées (IPSA)（高级科学理工学院）；Deutsches Zentrum für Astrophysik (DZA)（德国天体物理学中心）；Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学佛罗里达太空研究所）；Department of Space Sciences and Technologies, Akdeniz University（安塔利亚大学空间科学与技术系）；Trans-Tasman Occultation Alliance (TTOA)（跨塔斯曼掩食联盟）；Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Tübingen（蒂宾根大学天体物理学与天文学研究所）
C/2002 CE$_{10}$ is an object in a retrograde elliptical orbit with Tisserand parameter $-0.853$ indicating a likely origin in the Oort Cloud. It appears to be a rather inactive comet since no coma and only a very weak tail was detected during the past perihelion passage. We present multi-color optical photometry, lightcurve and thermal mid-IR observations of the asteroidal comet. \textcolor{blue}{ With the photometric analysis in $BVRI$, the surface color is found to be redder than asteroids, corresponding to cometary nuclei and TNOs/Centaurs. The time-resolved differential photometry support…
Photometry of outer Solar System objects from the Dark Energy Survey II: a joint analysis of trans-Neptunian absolute magnitudes, colors, lightcurves and dynamics
