Already for bivariate tropical polynomials, factorization is an NP-Complete problem. In this paper, we give an efficient algorithm for factorization and rational factorization of a rich class of tropical polynomials in $n$ variables. Special families of these polynomials have appeared in economics, discrete convex analysis, and combinatorics. Our theorems rely on an intrinsic characterization of regular mixed subdivisions of integral polytopes, and lead to many open problems of interest in discrete geometry.
The tropical arithmetic operations on $\mathbb{R}$ are defined by $a\oplus b=\min\{a,b\}$ and $a\otimes b=a+b$. Let $A$ be a tropical matrix and $k$ a positive integer, the problem of Tropical Matrix Factorization (TMF) asks whether there exist tropical matrices $B\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times k}$ and $C\in\mathbb{R}^{k\times n}$ satisfying $B\otimes C=A$. We show that no algorithm for TMF is likely to work in polynomial time for every fixed $k$, thus resolving a problem proposed by Barvinok in 1993.
We show factorization of polynomials in one variable over the tropical semiring is in general NP-complete, either if all coefficients are finite, or if all are either 0 or infinity (Boolean case). We give algorithms for the factorization problem which are not polynomial time in the degree, but are polynomial time for polynomials of fixed degree. For two-variable polynomials we derive an irreducibility criterion which is almost always satisfied, even for fixed degree, and is polynomial time in the degree. We prove there are unique least common multiples of tropical polynomials, but not unique g…
Matrix factorization problems over various semirings naturally arise in different contexts of modern pure and applied mathematics. These problems are very hard in general and cause computational difficulties in applications. We give a survey of what is known on the algorithmic complexity of Boolean, fuzzy, tropical, nonnegative, and positive semidefinite factorizations, and we examine the behavior of the corresponding rank functions on matrices of bounded bandwidth. We show that the Boolean, fuzzy, and tropical versions of matrix factorization become polynomial time solvable when restricted to…
Given two tropical polynomials $f, g$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$, we provide a characterization for the existence of a factorization $f= h \odot g$ and the construction of $h$. As a ramification of this result we obtain a parallel result for the Minkowski factorization of polytopes. Using our construction we show that for any given polytopal fan there is a polytope factorization basis, i.e. a finite set of polytopes with respect to which any polytope whose normal fan is refined by the original fan can be uniquely written as a signed Minkowski sum. We explicitly study the factorization of polymatroids a…
In this paper we give an elementary proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra for polynomials over the rational tropical semi-ring. We prove that, tropically, the rational numbers are algebraically closed. We provide a simple algorithm for factoring tropical polynomials of a single variable. A central idea is the concept of least-coefficient polynomials as representatives for classes of functionally equivalent polynomials. This idea has importance far beyond the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Tropical Algebra.
We show that determining Kapranov rank of tropical matrices is not only NP-hard over any infinite field but also if solving Diophantine equations over the rational numbers is undecidable, then determining Kapranov rank over the rational numbers is undecidable. We prove that Kapranov rank of tropical matrices is not bounded in terms of tropical rank, answering a question of Develin, Santos, and Sturmfels.
We study moduli spaces of rational graphically stable tropical curves and a refinement given by radial alignment. Given a complete multipartite graph $Γ$, the moduli space of radially aligned $Γ$-stable tropical curves can be given the structure of a balanced fan. This fan structure coincides with the Bergman fan of the cycle matroid of $Γ$.
We compute the $S_n$-equivariant rational homology of the tropical moduli spaces $Δ_{2,n}$ for $n\leq 8$ using a cellular chain complex for symmetric $Δ$-complexes in Sage.
We enumerate rational curves in toric surfaces passing through points and satisfying cross-ratio constraints using tropical and combinatorial methods. Our starting point is arXiv:1509.07453, where a tropical-algebraic correspondence theorem was proved that relates counts of rational curves in toric varieties that satisfy point conditions and cross-ratio constraints to the analogous tropical counts. We proceed in two steps: based on tropical intersection theory we first study tropical cross-ratios and introduce degenerated cross-ratios. Second we provide a lattice path algorithm that produces a…
We introduce an improved version of rational equivalence in tropical intersection theory which can be seen as a replacement of chapter 8 of our previous article arXiv:0709.3705v2. Using this new definition, rational equivalence is compatible with push-forwards of cycles. Moreover, we prove that every tropical cycle in R^r is equivalent to a uniquely determined affine cycle, called its degree.
We study rational double Hurwitz cycles, i.e. loci of marked rational stable curves admitting a map to the projective line with assigned ramification profiles over two fixed branch points. Generalizing the phenomenon observed for double Hurwitz numbers, such cycles are piecewise polynomial in the entries of the special ramification; the chambers of polynomiality and wall crossings have an explicit and "modular" description. A main goal of this paper is to simultaneously carry out this investigation for the corresponding objects in tropical geometry, underlining a precise combinatorial duality …
This note is devoted to the definition of moduli spaces of rational tropical curves with n marked points. We show that this space has a structure of a smooth tropical variety of dimension n-3. We define the Deligne-Mumford compactification of this space and tropical $ψ$-class divisors.
We introduce tropical vector bundles, morphisms and rational sections of these bundles and define the pull-back of a tropical vector bundle and of a rational section along a morphism. Afterwards we use the bounded rational sections of a tropical vector bundle to define the Chern classes of this bundle and prove some basic properties of Chern classes. Finally we give a complete classification of all vector bundles on an elliptic curve up to isomorphisms.
We study moduli spaces of rational weighted stable tropical curves, and their connections with the classical Hassett spaces. Given a vector w of weights, the moduli space of tropical w-stable curves can be given the structure of a balanced fan if and only if w has only heavy and light entries. In this case, we can express the moduli space as the Bergman fan of a graphic matroid. Furthermore, we realize the tropical moduli space as a geometric tropicalization, and as a Berkovich skeleton, of the classical moduli space. This builds on previous work of Tevelev, Gibney--Maclagan, and Abramovich--C…
This is a follow-up paper of arXiv:1805.00115, where rational curves in surfaces that satisfy general positioned point and cross-ratio conditions were enumerated. A suitable correspondence theorem provided in arXiv:1509.07453 allowed us to use tropical geometry, and, in particular, a degeneration technique called floor diagrams. This correspondence theorem also holds in higher dimension. In the current paper, we introduce so-called cross-ratio floor diagrams and show that they allow us to determine the number of rational space curves that satisfy general positioned point and cross-ratio condit…
We apply the tropical intersection theory developed by L. Allermann and J. Rau to compute intersection products of tropical Psi-classes on the moduli space of rational tropical curves. We show that in the case of zero-dimensional (stable) intersections, the resulting numbers agree with the intersection numbers of Psi-classes on the moduli space of n-marked rational curves computed in algebraic geometry.
We define tropical Psi-classes on the moduli space of rational tropical curves in R^2 and consider intersection products of Psi-classes and pull-backs of evaluations on this space. We show a certain WDVV equation which is sufficient to prove that tropical numbers of curves satisfying certain Psi- and evaluation conditions are equal to the corresponding classical numbers. We present an algorithm that generalizes Mikhalkin's lattice path algorithm and counts rational plane tropical curves satisfying certain Psi- and evaluation conditions.
Tropical refined invariants of toric surfaces constitute a fascinating interpolation between real and complex enumerative geometries via tropical geometry. They were originally introduced by Block and Göttsche, and further extended by Göttsche and Schroeter in the case of rational curves. In this paper, we study the polynomial behavior of coefficients of these tropical refined invariants. We prove that coefficients of small codegree are polynomials in the Newton polygon of the curves under enumeration, when one fixes the genus of the latter. This provides a somehow surprising resurgence, in so…
For a rational map $ϕ$ from a metric graph $\varGamma$ to a tropical projective space $\boldsymbol{TP^n}$ defined by a ratio of rational functions $f_1, \ldots, f_{n + 1}$, an automorphism $σ$ of $\varGamma$ induces a permutation of the coordinates of $\boldsymbol{TP^n}$ if $\{ f_1, \ldots, f_{n + 1} \}$ is $\langle σ\rangle$-invariant. Through this description, we can realize the automorphism group of $Γ$ as ambient automorphism group such as tropical projective general linear group, tropical general linear group and $\boldsymbol{Z}$-linear transformation group of Euclidean space.
We study the topology of the link $M^{\mathrm{trop}}_{g,n}[1]$ of the tropical moduli spaces of curves when g=2. Tropical moduli spaces can be identified with boundary complexes for $\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$, as shown by Abramovich-Caporaso-Payne, so their reduced rational homology encodes top-weight rational cohomology of the complex moduli spaces $\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$. We prove that $M^{\mathrm{trop}}_{2,n}[1]$ is an $n$-connected topological space whose reduced integral homology is supported in the top two degrees only. We compute the reduced Euler characteristic of $M^{\mathrm{trop}}_{g,n}[1]$ for…
We tropicalize the rational map that takes triples of points in the projective plane to the plane of quadrics passing through these points. The image of its tropicalization is contained in the tropicalization of its image. We identify these objects inside the tropical Grassmannian of planes in projective 5-space, and we explore a small tropical Hilbert scheme.
We establish first parts of a tropical intersection theory. Namely, we define cycles, Cartier divisors and intersection products between these two (without passing to rational equivalence) and discuss push-forward and pull-back. We do this first for fans in R^n and then for "abstract" cycles that are fans locally. With regard to applications in enumerative geometry, we finally have a look at rational equivalence and intersection products of cycles and cycle classes in R^n.
In the first part of this paper, we discuss the notion of irreducibility of cycles in the moduli spaces of n-marked rational tropical curves. We prove that Psi-classes and vital divisors are irreducible, and that locally irreducible divisors are also globally irreducible for n \leq 6. In the second part of the paper, we show that the locus of point configurations in (\R^2)^n in special position for counting rational plane curves (defined in two different ways) can be given the structure a tropical cycle of codimension 1. In addition, we compute explicitly the weights of this cycle.
In this paper, we survey and study definitions and properties of tropical polynomials, tropical rational functions and in general, tropical meromorphic functions, emphasizing practical techniques that can really carry out computations. For instance, we introduce maximally represented tropical polynomials and tropical polynomials in compact forms to quickly find roots of given tropical polynomials. We also prove the existence and uniqueness of tropical theorems for meromorphic functions with prescribed roots and poles. Moreover, we explain the relations between classical and tropical meromorphi…
Demailly showed that the Hodge conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any (p,p)-dimensional closed current with rational cohomology class can be approximated by linear combinations of integration currents associated to subvarieties, and asked whether any strongly positive (p,p)-dimensional closed current with rational cohomology class can be approximated by positive linear combinations of integration currents associated to subvarieties. Using tropical geometry, we construct a (p,p)-dimensional current on a smooth projective variety that does not satisfy the latter statement.
Generalizing supertropical algebras, we present a "layered" structure, "sorted" by a semiring which permits varying ghost layers, and indicate how it is more amenable than the "standard" supertropical construction in factorizations of polynomials, description of varieties, properties of the resultant, and for mathematical analysis and calculus, in particular with respect to multiple roots of polynomials. Explicit examples and comparisons are given for various sorting semirings such as the natural numbers and the positive rational numbers, and we see how this theory relates to some recent devel…
By using an elementary matrix approach, based on the technique of discrete Toda equation, we construct subtraction-free rational and piecewise linear transformations associated with various combinatorial algorithms, including the RSK correspondence. We also investigate birational Weyl group actions related to those algorithms.
A tropical curve Γis a metric graph with possibly unbounded edges, and tropical rational functions are continuous piecewise linear functions with integer slopes. We define the complete linear system |D| of a divisor D on a tropical curve Γanalogously to the classical counterpart. We investigate the structure of |D| as a cell complex and show that linear systems are quotients of tropical modules, finitely generated by vertices of the cell complex. Using a finite set of generators, |D| defines a map from Γto a tropical projective space, and the image can be extended to a tropical curve of degree…
Speyer recognized that matroids encode the same data as a special class of tropical linear spaces and Shaw interpreted tropically certain basic matroid constructions; additionally, Frenk developed the perspective of tropical linear spaces as modules over an idempotent semifield. All together, this provides bridges between the combinatorics of matroids, the algebra of idempotent modules, and the geometry of tropical linear spaces. The goal of this paper is to strengthen and expand these bridges by systematically developing the idempotent module theory of matroids. Applications include a geometr…
Tropical Weierstrass points and Weierstrass weights
CNRS - Laboratoire de Mathématiques d’Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay（法国国家科学研究中心-奥赛数学实验室，巴黎萨克雷大学）；Institut de mathématiques de Marseille, Université d’Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Centrale Marseille（马赛数学研究所，艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，中央马赛）；Department of Mathematics, University of Washington — Mathematics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences（华盛顿大学数学系，国家理论科学中心）
