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arXiv 1707.01042gr-qcastro-ph.CO
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非线性结构宇宙学的微扰理论

Perturbation theory for cosmologies with non-linear structure

Sophia R. Goldberg, Christopher Gallagher, Timothy Clifton

摘要:

下一代宇宙学巡天将在前所未有的规模上进行,因此将为检验广义相对论提供令人兴奋的新机会。对这些巡天观测到的结构进行建模的标准方法是,对视界尺度上的线性结构使用宇宙学扰动理论,对小得多的尺度上的非线性结构使用牛顿引力理论。我们提出了一个两参数的形式主义,概括了这种方法,从而允许大,小尺度之间的相互作用进行研究,在一个自我一致的和定义良好的方式。它使用后牛顿引力和宇宙学扰动理论,可以用来模拟现实的宇宙学场景,包括物质,辐射和宇宙学常数。我们发现,由此产生的场方程可以写为一个层次的扰动方程组。在领先的顺序,这些方程使我们能够恢复一组标准的弗里德曼方程,以及牛顿-泊松方程的非均匀部分的牛顿能量密度在一个不断扩大的背景。然而,对于大尺度宇宙学中的微扰,由于小尺度结构的存在,我们发现场方程是由非线性项和模式混合项共同产生的。这些额外的项应该会通过混合小尺度和大尺度的引力模而产生新的引力效应--这种效应超出了标准线性宇宙学扰动理论的范围。我们希望我们的形式主义是有用的精确建模引力物理在宇宙中包含非线性结构,并调查在超大规模调查的时代,非线性引力的影响。

英文摘要:

The next generation of cosmological surveys will operate over unprecedented scales, and will therefore provide exciting new opportunities for testing general relativity. The standard method for modelling the structures that these surveys will observe is to use cosmological perturbation theory for linear structures on horizon-sized scales, and Newtonian gravity for non-linear structures on much smaller scales. We propose a two-parameter formalism that generalizes this approach, thereby allowing interactions between large and small scales to be studied in a self-consistent and well-defined way. This uses both post-Newtonian gravity and cosmological perturbation theory, and can be used to model realistic cosmological scenarios including matter, radiation and a cosmological constant. We find that the resulting field equations can be written as a hierarchical set of perturbation equations. At leading-order, these equations allow us to recover a standard set of Friedmann equations, as well as a Newton-Poisson equation for the inhomogeneous part of the Newtonian energy density in an expanding background. For the perturbations in the large-scale cosmology, however, we find that the field equations are sourced by both non-linear and mode-mixing terms, due to the existence of small-scale structures. These extra terms should be expected to give rise to new gravitational effects, through the mixing of gravitational modes on small and large scales - effects that are beyond the scope of standard linear cosmological perturbation theory. We expect our formalism to be useful for accurately modelling gravitational physics in universes that contain non-linear structures, and for investigating the effects of non-linear gravity in the era of ultra-large-scale surveys.

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