Szekeres模型中的宇宙学反作用和空间曲率的出现
Cosmological backreaction within the Szekeres model and emergence of spatial curvature
摘要：
本文讨论了Szekeres模型中的逆反应现象。宇宙学反反应描述了宇宙的平均整体演化如何偏离弗里德曼演化。分析是基于一个单一的宇宙学环境的模型和全球合奏的Szekeres模型（瑞士奶酪型和聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料型）。结果表明，宇宙结构的非线性增长与空间曲率$Ω_{\cal R}$（在FLRW极限$Ω_{\cal R} \to Ω_k$）的增长有关。如果在全球尺度上求平均，结果取决于假设的宇宙全球模型。在具有固定背景的Swiss-Cheese模型中，体积平均值遵循背景的演变，并且全局空间曲率平均为零（背景模型是空间平坦的$Λ$ CDM模型）。在没有固定背景的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料型模型中，平均演化偏离了空间平坦的$Λ$ CDM模型，平均空间曲率从CMB处的$Ω_{\cal R} =0 $演化到$z =0$处的$Ω_{\cal R} \sim 0.1$。如果聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料模型正确地捕捉到了真实宇宙的演化特征，那么人们应该期待在我们的宇宙中，空间曲率应该建立起来（宇宙结构的局部增长），其平均全球平均值应该偏离零（反反应）。因此，本文预言低红移宇宙在空间上不应该是平坦的（即$Ω_k \ne 0$，即使在早期宇宙$Ω_k = 0$中也是如此），因此在分析低$z$宇宙学数据时，应该把$Ω_k$作为一个自由参数，独立于CMB约束。
英文摘要：
This paper discusses the phenomenon of backreaction within the Szekeres model. Cosmological backreaction describes how the mean global evolution of the Universe deviates from the Friedmannian evolution. The analysis is based on models of a single cosmological environment and the global ensemble of the Szekeres models (of the Swiss-Cheese-type and Styrofoam-type). The obtained results show that non-linear growth of cosmic structures is associated with the growth of the spatial curvature $Ω_{\cal R}$ (in the FLRW limit $Ω_{\cal R} \to Ω_k$). If averaged over global scales the result depends on the assumed global model of the Universe. Within the Swiss-Cheese model, which does have a fixed background, the volume average follows the evolution of the background, and the global spatial curvature averages out to zero (the background model is the $Λ$CDM model, which is spatially flat). In the Styrofoam-type model, which does not have a fixed background, the mean evolution deviates from the spatially flat $Λ$CDM model, and the mean spatial curvature evolves to from $Ω_{\cal R} =0 $ at the CMB to $Ω_{\cal R} \sim 0.1$ at $z =0$. If the Styrofoam-type model correctly captures evolutionary features of the real Universe then one should expect that in our Universe, the spatial curvature should build up (local growth of cosmic structures) and its mean global average should deviate from zero (backreaction). As a result, this paper predicts that the low-redshift Universe should not be spatially flat (i.e. $Ω_k \ne 0$, even if in the early Universe $Ω_k = 0$) and therefore when analysing low-$z$ cosmological data one should keep $Ω_k$ as a free parameter and independent from the CMB constraints.
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