Lately, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an emerging technology and can be utilized in some crucial circumstances like battlegrounds, commercial applications, habitat observing, buildings, smart homes, traffic surveillance and other different places. One of the foremost difficulties that WSN faces nowadays is protection from serious attacks. While organizing the sensor nodes in an abandoned environment makes network systems helpless against an assortment of strong assaults, intrinsic memory and power restrictions of sensor nodes make the traditional security arrangements impractical. The sensing knowledge combined with the wireless communication and processing power makes it lucrative for being abused. The wireless sensor network technology also obtains a big variety of security intimidations. This paper describes four basic security threats and many active attacks on WSN with their possible countermeasures proposed by different research scholars.
With the expansion of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the need for securing the data flow through these networks is increasing. These sensor networks allow for easy-to-apply and flexible installations which have enabled them to be used for numerous applications. Due to these properties, they face distinct information security threats. Security of the data flowing through across networks provides the researchers with an interesting and intriguing potential for research. Design of these networks to ensure the protection of data faces the constraints of limited power and processing resources. We…
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be address…
We proposed an authentication mechanism in the wireless sensor network. Sensor network uses the Kerberos authentication scheme for the authentication of bases station in the network. Kerberos provides a centralized authentication server whose function is to authenticate user by providing him the ticket to grant request to the base station. In this paper we have provided architecture for the authentication of base station in the wireless sensor network based on the Kerberos server authentication scheme.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are currently used in different industrial and consumer applications, such as earth monitoring, health related applications, natural disaster prevention, and many other areas. Security is one of the major aspects of Wireless sensor networks due to the resource limitations of sensor nodes. However, these networks are facing several threats that affect their functioning and their life. In this paper we present security attacks in wireless sensor networks, and we focus on a review and analysis of the recent Intrusion Detection schemes in WSNs.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging technology now-a-days and has a wide range of applications such as battlefield surveillance, traffic surveillance, forest fire detection, flood detection etc. But wireless sensor networks are susceptible to a variety of potential attacks which obstructs the normal operation of the network. The security of a wireless sensor network is compromised because of the random deployment of sensor nodes in open environment, memory limitations, power limitations and unattended nature. This paper focuses on various attacks that manifest in the network and prov…
This paper introduces the Beta distribution as a novel technique to weight direct and indirect trust and assessing the risk in wireless sensor networks. This paper also reviews the trust factors, which play a major role in building trust in wireless sensor networks and explains the dynamic aspects of trust. This is an extension of a previous work done by the authors using a new approach to assess risk. Simulation results related to the previous work and to the new approach introduced in this paper are also presented for easy comparison.
Wireless sensor networks increasingly become viable solutions to many challenging problems and will successively be deployed in many areas in the future. However, deploying new technology without security in mind has often proved to be unreasonably dangerous. We propose a security architecture for self-organizing mobile wireless sensor networks that prevents many attacks these networks are exposed to. Furthermore, it limits the security impact of some attacks that cannot be prevented. We analyse our security architecure and show that it provides the desired security aspects while still being a…
Enhancing Data Privacy In Wireless Sensor Networks: Investigating Techniques And Protocols To Protect Privacy Of Data Transmitted Over Wireless Sensor Networks In Critical Applications Of Healthcare And National Security
Wireless Sensor Networks have emerged as one of the leading technologies. These networks are designed to monitor crucial environmental parameters of humidity, temperature, wind speed, soil moisture content, UV index, sound, etc. and then transfer the required information to the base station. However, security remains the key challenge of such networks as critical data is being transferred. Most sensor nodes currently deployed have constraints on memory and processing power and hence operate without an efficient security protocol. Hereby a protocol which is lightweight and is secure for wireles…
Sensor Networks technologies had proved their great practicability in the real world, being just a matter of time until this kind of networks will be standardized and used in the field. We focus on security issues in Distributed Sensor Networks like useful cryptosystems, attacks, preventing and detecting possible attacks, describing state of the art in domain and proposing new methods for further investigation
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of large number of low-cost, resource-constrained sensor nodes. The constraints of the wireless sensor node is their characteristics which include low memory, low computation power, they are deployed in hostile area and left unattended, small range of communication capability and low energy capabilities. Base on those characteristics makes this network vulnerable to several attacks, such as sinkhole attack. Sinkhole attack is a type of attack were compromised node tries to attract network traffic by advertise its fake routing update. One of the impacts of…
In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient environment monitoring scheme for wireless sensor networks, based on data mining formulation. The proposed adapting routing scheme for sensors for achieving energy efficiency from temperature wireless sensor network data set. The experimental validation of the proposed approach using publicly available Intel Berkeley lab Wireless Sensor Network dataset shows that it is possible to achieve energy efficient environment monitoring for wireless sensor networks, with a trade-off between accuracy and life time extension factor of sensors, using the …
This paper presents Area coverage of homogenous wireless sensor network using computational geometry. The concepts related to both coverage wireless sensor network and computational geometry have been introduced. Then, the problem has been formulated. After that, current proposed algorithms of hole detection and healing have been investigated and discussed. This survey has two aims: firstly, to explore effectiveness of computational geometry to deal with wireless sensor network coverage problems. Secondly, it will direct scholars who want to enable computational geometry solutions in coverage …
This paper is about the wireless sensor network in environmental monitoring applications. A Wireless Sensor Network consists of many sensor nodes and a base station. The number and type of sensor nodes and the design protocols for any wireless sensor network is application specific. The sensor data in this application may be light intensity, temperature, pressure, humidity and their variations .Clustering and routing are the two areas which are given more attention in this paper.
In this paper we present a model for the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The model takes into consideration several parameters such as the total number of sensors, network size, percentage of sink nodes, location of sensors, the mobility of sensors, and power consumption. A definition of the life time of the network based on three different criteria is introduced; percentage of available power to total power, percentage of alive sensors to total sensors, and percentage of alive sink sensors to total sink sensors. A Matlab based simulator is developed for the introduced model. A number of…
In this research paper, the problems dealing with sensor network architecture, sensor fusion are addressed. Time/Computationally optimal network architectures are investigated. Some novel ideas on sensor fusion are proposed.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor n…
Clustering is an important concept to reduce the energy consumption and prolonging the life of a wireless sensor network. In heterogeneous wireless sensor network some of the nodes are equipped with more energy than the other nodes. Many routing algorithms are proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Stable Election Protocol (SEP) is one of the important protocol in this category. In this research paper a novel energy efficient distance based cluster protocol (DBCP) is proposed for single hop heterogeneous wireless sensor network to increase the life and energy efficiency of a senso…
This paper collects heuristics of Go Game and employs them to achieve coverage of dense wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on Go heuristics and validate it. Investigations show that it is very promising and could be seen as a good optimization. Keywords: Go Heuristics, Wireless Sensor Networks, Coverage, Density
In this paper, we analyze the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor node with a single transmitter antenna and multiple receiver antennas is considered here. We consider M (M greater or equal ro 1) receiver antennas to mitigate channel fading effects. BER performance is analyzed in the presence of a co-channel interference source. Wireless channel is assumed to follow independently Nakagami fading for the wireless sensor network and Rayleigh fading for the interference signal. Based on the derived analytical expressions, the effects of different fading…
Reliable transport protocols such as TCP are tuned to perform well in traditional networks where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. Many applications of wireless sensor networks are useful only when connected to an external network. Previous research on transport layer protocols for sensor networks has focused on designing protocols specifically targeted for sensor networks. The deployment of TCP/IP in sensor networks would, however, enable direct connection between the sensor network and external TCP/IP networks. In this paper we focus on the performance of TCP in the context o…
In this article we revisit Wireless Sensor Networks from a contemporary perspective, after the surge of the Internet of Things. First, we analyze the evolution of distributed monitoring applications, which we consider inherited from the early idea of collaborative sensor networks. Second, we evaluate, within the current context of networked objects, the level of adoption of low-power multi-hop wireless, a technology pivotal to the Wireless Sensor Network paradigm. This article assesses the transformation of this technology in its integration into the Internet of Things, identifying outdated re…
An energy cooperation policy for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with wireless power transfer is proposed in this paper to balance the energy at each sensor node and increase the total energy utilization ratio of the whole WSNs. Considering the unbalanced spatio-temporal properties of the energy supply across the deployment terrain of energy harvesting WSNs and the dynamic traffic load at each sensor node, the energy cooperation problem among sensor nodes is decomposed into two steps: the local energy storage at each sensor node based on its traffic load to meet its own needs…
Energy Conservation and prolonging the life of Wireless Sensor Network is one of the major issues in the wireless sensor network as sensor nodes are highly energy constrained devices. Many routing protocols have been proposed for sensor network, especially cluster based routing protocols. Cluster based routing protocols are best known for its energy efficiency, network stability and for increasing the life time of the sensor network. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the fundamental protocols in this class. In this research paper we propose a new energy efficient clust…
In this paper a scheme for handoff and connectivity, based on wireless sensor nodetechniques is proposed. Scenes are created in Qualnet and simulated for a simple case. Results are discussed.
Wireless sensor networks have significant potential to increase our ability to view and control the physical environment, but the issue of power consumption in these networks has become an important parameter in their reliability and since in many applications of networks. Wireless sensor needs to guarantee end-to-end quality parameters, support for quality of service in these networks is of utmost importance. In wireless sensor networks, one of the most important issues is the lifetime of each network, which is directly related to the energy consumption of the network sensors. Increasing netw…
Localization is widely used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to identify the current location of the sensor odes. A WSN consist of thousands of nodes that make the installation of GPS on each sensor node expensive and moreover GPS may not provide exact localization results in an indoor environment. Manually configuring location reference on each sensor node is also not possible for dense network. This gives rise to a problem where the sensor nodes must identify its current location without using any special hardware like GPS and without the help of manual configuration. In this paper we revi…
In this paper, we present the performance of different broadcast schemes for multihop sensor networks based on mathematical modeling. In near future many applications will demand multicast (Broadcast) communication feature from the sensor networks. This broadcast feature does not use virtual carrier sensing but relies on physical carrier sensing to reduce collision. For this paper, we analyze the different broadcast schemes for multihop wireless sensor networks and also calculated the achievable throughput.
Sensor networks can nowadays deliver 99.9% of their data with duty cycles below 1%. This remarkable performance is, however, dependent on some important underlying assumptions: low traffic rates, medium size densities and static nodes. In this thesis, we investigate the performance of these same resource-constrained devices, but under scenarios that present extreme conditions: high traffic rates, high densities and mobility: the so-called Extreme Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSNs).
Wireless sensor networks are finally becoming a reality. In this paper, we present a scalable architecture for using wireless sensor networks in combination with wireless Ethernet networks to provide a complete end-to-end solution to narrow the gap between the low-level information and context awareness. We developed and implemented a complete proximity detector in order to give a wearable computer, such as a PDA, location context. Since location is only one element of contextawareness, we pursued utilizing photo sensors and temperature sensors in learning as much as possible about the environ…
Battery is a major hardware component of wireless sensor networks. Most of them have no power supply and are generally deployed for a long time. Researches have been done on battery physical model and their adaptation for sensors. We present an implementation on a real sensor operating system and how architectural constraints have been assumed. Experiments have been made in order to test the impact of some parameter, as the application throughput, on the battery lifetime.
Compressive sensing (CS) has been widely used for the data gathering in wireless sensor networks for the purpose of reducing the communication overhead recent years. In this paper, we first show that with simple modification, 1-bit compressive sensing can also been used for the data gathering in wireless sensor networks to further reduce the communication overhead. We also propose a novel blind 1-bit CS reconstruction algorithm which outperforms other state of the art blind 1-bit CS reconstruction algorithms. Experimental results on real sensor datasets demonstrate the efficiency of our method…
This paper introduces the concept of rate privacy in the context of wireless sensor networks. Our discussion reveals that the concept indeed is of a great importance for the privacy preservation of such networks. As a result, we propose a buffering scheme to protect the rate from adversaries. Simulation results verify the applicability of our approach.
Routing is one of the critical and ongoing challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks. The main challenge has always been to have a routing protocol that reduces the communication overhead, hence saving the energy of the sensors in the network. Hierarchical routing protocols are known to be the most energy-efficient routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, a more generalized hierarchical routing protocol is introduced for Wireless Sensor Network, which is based on tree data structures. The clustering in the proposed protocol has the format of a general tree, which is construc…
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to perform distributed sensing in various fields, such as health, military, home etc. In WSNs, sensor nodes should communicate among themselves and do distributed computation over the sensed values to identify the occurrence of an event. This paper assumes the no memory computation model for sensor nodes, i.e. the sensor nodes only have two registers. This paper presents an optimal architecture for the distributed computation in WSN and also claims that this architecture is the optimal for the described computation model.
The main challenge in wireless sensor network is to improve the fault tolerance of each node and also provide an energy efficient fast data routing service. In this paper we propose an energy efficient node fault diagnosis and recovery for wireless sensor networks referred as fault tolerant multipath routing scheme for energy efficient wireless sensor network (FTMRS).The FTMRS is based on multipath data routing scheme. One shortest path is use for main data routing in FTMRS technique and other two backup paths are used as alternative path for faulty network and to handle the overloaded traffic…
A wireless sensor network comprises of small sensor nodes each of which consists of a processing device, small amount of memory, battery and radio transceiver for communication. The sensor nodes are autonomous and spatially distributed in an area of investigation. Certain applications and protocols of wireless sensor networks require that the sensor nodes should be aware of their position relative to the sensor network. For it to be significant and to be of value, the data such as temperature, humidity and pressure, gathered by sensor nodes must be ascribed to the relative position from where …
In wireless multi-hop networks, the instability of the wireless links leads to unstable networking. Even in the newly designed Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks (SDWSN), similar problems exist. To further improve the stability of SDWSN, we introduce a Link Quality (LQ) prediction model into the SDWSN architecture. The prediction model is used to improve the stability between neighbor nodes, and thus the stability of wireless multi-hop routes. Simulation results show that the LQ prediction model can make reasonable corrections to the reality wireless link model, which can well address t…
This paper aims to propose a significant way of remote access and real time monitoring of a particular geographic area by integrating wireless sensor clouds with existing Telecom infrastructure and applications built around them through a gateway. This utility is very potent for environment monitoring in harsh and inaccessible places like mines, nuclear reactors, etc. We demonstrate a scaled down version of multi-hop network of wireless sensor nodes and its integration with existing telecom network infrastructure via a gateway.
Now days, interests in the application of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) have grown considerably. A number of tiny wireless sensors, strategically placed on the human body, create a wireless body area network that can monitor various vital signs, providing real-time feedback to the user and medical personnel. This communication needs to be energy efficient and highly reliable while keeping delays low. In this paper we present hardware and software architecture for BAN and also we offer reliable communication and data aggregation.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are groups of spatially distributed and dedicated autonomous sensors for monitoring (and recording) the physical conditions of the environment (and organizing the collected data at a central location). They have been a topic of interest due to their versatility and diverse capabilities despite having simple sensors measuring local quantities such as temperature, pH, or pressure. We delve into understanding how such networks can be utilized for localization, and propose a technique for improving conditions of living for animals and humans on the IIT Bombay campus…
This paper examines the use of Wireless Sensor Networks interfaced with light fittings to allow for daylight substitution techniques to reduce energy usage in existing buildings. This creates a wire free system for existing buildings with minimal disruption and cost.
This paper deals with the coverage problem of wireless sensor network. We use the density based clustering technique - OPTICS to cover a target region with less number of sensor nodes. OPTICS works well to identify the outliers, core points and it obtains the denser regions. We define a level of acceptance to find next appropriate sensor in the region. We eliminate overlapped area and obtain a decision tree to minimally cover up the target region.
This paper addresses an overview of the wireless sensor networks. It is shown that MEMS/NEMS technologies and SIP concept are well suited for advanced architectures. It is also shown analog architectures have to be compatible with digital signal techniques to develop smart network of microsystem.
Considering an energy harvesting sensor network, the overall probability of event loss is derived. Based on this result, a variety of harvesting resource allocation schemes (sizing the energy storages and the harvesting devices, under a total cost constraint) are provided. Their performances are verified and compared through simulations.
In this paper, we propose LMEEC, a cluster-based routing protocol with low energy consumption for wireless sensor networks. Our protocol is based on a strategy which aims to provide a more reasonable exploitation of the selected nodes (cluster-heads) energy. Simulation results show the effectiveness of LMEEC in decreasing the energy consumption, and in prolonging the network lifetime, compared to LEACH.
Clustering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important technique to ease topology management and routing. Clustering provides an effective method for prolonging lifetime of a WSN. This paper proposes energy efficient multi-level clustering schemes for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor nodes are extremely energy constrained with a limited transmission range. Due to large area of deployment, the network needs to have a multi-level clustering protocol that will enable far-off nodes to communicate with the base station. Simulation is used to analyze the proposed protocols and compar…
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure,etc. In sensing applications, data packets are flowing from sensor nodes to base station. In data collection processes, bottom up approach is used. In bottom up approach, all nodes send their sensed data packets to base station directly. In this approach will lead to increased delay, which will lead to higher energy consumption. To reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes,Clustering Algorithm and Low-Energy Adaptive Clus…
In wireless sensor networks, an important issue of Geographic Routing is local minimum problem, which is caused by hole that blocks the greedy forwarding process. To avoid the long detour path, recent research focuses on detecting the hole in advance, then the nodes located on the boundary of the hole advertise the hole information to the nodes near the hole.
The main focus of this article is to achieve prolonged network lifetime with overall energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks through controlled utilization of limited energy. Major percentage of energy in wireless sensor network is consumed during routing from source to destination, retransmission of data on packet loss. For improvement, cross layered algorithm is proposed for routing and retransmission scheme. Simulation and results shows that this approach can save the overall energy consumption
In this paper we propose wireless sensor network architecture with layered protocols, targeting different aspects of the awareness requirements in wireless sensor networks. Under such a unified framework, we pay special attention to the most important awareness issues in wireless sensor networks: namely dynamic awareness, energy awareness and spatiotemporal awareness. First, we propose the spatiotemporal aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, which maintains a constant delivery speed for soft real-time communication. Second, we introduce the time-energy aware aggregation scheme, …
In a wireless sensor network Quality of Information (QoI), Energy Efficiency, Redundant data avoidance, congestion control are the important metrics that affect the performance of wireless sensor network. As many approaches were proposed to increase the performance of a wireless sensor network among them clustering is one of the efficient approaches in sensor network. Many clustering algorithms concentrate mainly on power Optimization like FSCH, LEACH, and EELBCRP. There is necessity of the above metrics in wireless sensor network where nodes are densely deployed in a given network area. As th…
Energy Efficiency in wireless sensor networks is an important topic in which the nodes rely on battery power, and efficient energy usage is a key issue for sensitive applications that require long working times. This stimulates many scientists at all levels of communication protocols Medium Access Control (MAC) who control the use of the wireless transmitter and receiver unit to create new protocols. Many protocols were suggested that primarily take energy efficiency as the primary objective of sustaining the function of the network for as long as possible into account with different objective…
There is now an increased understanding of the need for realistic link layer models in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we have used mathematical techniques from communication theory to model and analyze low power wireless links. Our work provides theoretical models for the link layer showing how Packet Reception Rate vary with Signal to Noise Ratio and distance for different modulation schemes and a comparison between MICA2 and TinyNode in terms of PRR.
Today 2.4 GHz based wireless sensor networks are increasing at a tremendous pace, and are seen in widespread applications. Product innovation and support by many vendors in 2.4 GHz makes it a preferred choice, but the networks are prone to issues like interference, and range issues. On the other hand, the less popular 868 MHz in the ISM band has not seen significant usage. In this paper we explore the use of 868 MHz channel to implement a wireless sensor network, and study the efficacy of this channel
In this paper we describe three methods for localizing a wireless sensor network node, using anchor nodes in its neighbourhood, when there is an error in distance estimation present. We use the intersection points of the circles formed with the estimated distances from each anchors and we apply different methods to form clusters. We then use the cluster points to calculate the final position.
One of the limitations of wireless sensor nodes is their inherent limited energy resource. Besides maximizing the lifetime of the sensor node, it is preferable to distribute the energy dissipated throughout the wireless sensor network in order to minimize maintenance and maximize overall system performance. We investigate a new routing algorithm that uses diffusion in order to achieve relatively even power dissipation throughout a wireless sensor network by making good local decisions. We leverage from concepts of peer-to-peer networks in which the system acts completely decentralized and all …
For data sets retrieved from wireless sensors to be insightful, it is often of paramount importance that the data be accurate and also location stamped. This paper describes a maximum-likelihood based multihop localization algorithm called kHopLoc for use in wireless sensor networks that is strong in both isotropic and anisotropic network deployment regions. During an initial training phase, a Monte Carlo simulation is utilized to produce multihop connection density functions. Then, sensor node locations are estimated by maximizing local likelihood functions of the hop counts to anchor nodes. …
In this document, we compare three existing simulation platforms (OPNET Modeler, Network Simulator 2, Georgia Tech Sensor Network Simulator). Our comparative study focuses on ease of use, scalability, ease of implementing power consumption model and physical layer modeling accuracy, mainly. Conclusions of this study are presented, and will help us decide which simulating environment to use for evaluating power-aware self-organizing sensor networks protocols.
