如何探测倾斜的水脉泽（并可能测量黑洞质量）
How to Detect Inclined Water Maser Disks (and Possibly Measure Black Hole Masses)
摘要：
我们描述了一种方法，以确定倾斜的水脉泽磁盘轨道大质量黑洞，并可能使用它们来测量黑洞质量。由于脉泽放大路径的几何形状，少数的水脉泽盘是可观察的：只有那些被认为是近侧已被确定，这表明一个数量级的额外的脉泽盘存在。我们认为，向内传播的脉泽将被中心黑洞引力偏转，从而将水脉泽发射散射到盘平面之外并实现检测。一个倾斜的水脉泽盘的特征是系统速度附近的窄脉泽，这些脉泽似乎是从黑洞位置发射的，正如射电连续谱核心所识别的那样。为了探索这种可能性，我们对13个具有窄水脉泽发射的星系进行了高分辨率（0.07”-0.17”）甚大阵线和连续谱观测，结果表明其中3个是很好的倾斜盘候选星系（5个仍不明确）。在最好的情况下，对于CGCG 120 $-$ 039，我们表明脉泽和连续辐射在$3.5\pm1.4$ pc（$6.7\pm2.7$毫角秒）内是一致的。随后的甚长基线干涉图可以确认候选的倾斜盘，并有可能显示微波激射环或弧，提供直接测量黑洞质量，虽然质量精度将依赖于知识的大小的微波激射盘。
英文摘要：
We describe a method to identify inclined water maser disks orbiting massive black holes and to potentially use them to measure black hole masses. Due to the geometry of maser amplification pathways, the minority of water maser disks are observable: only those viewed nearly edge-on have been identified, suggesting that an order of magnitude additional maser disks exist. We suggest that inward-propagating masers will be gravitationally deflected by the central black hole, thereby scattering water maser emission out of the disk plane and enabling detection. The signature of an inclined water maser disk would be narrow masers near the systemic velocity that appear to emit from the black hole position, as identified by the radio continuum core. To explore this possibility, we present high resolution (0.07"-0.17") Very Large Array line and continuum observations of 13 galaxies with narrow water maser emission and show that three are good inclined disk candidates (five remain ambiguous). In the best case, for CGCG 120$-$039, we show that the maser and continuum emission are coincident to within $3.5\pm1.4$ pc ($6.7\pm2.7$ milliarcsec). Subsequent very long baseline interferometric maps can confirm candidate inclined disks and have the potential to show maser rings or arcs that provide a direct measurement of black hole mass, although the mass precision will rely on knowledge of the size of the maser disk.
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