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arXiv 1701.05720astro-ph.SR
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恒星大气中的锂:观测和理论

Lithium in stellar atmospheres: observations and theory

L. S. Lyubimkov

摘要:

在所有轻元素中,锂是恒星演化最敏感的指示剂。这篇综述讨论了目前关于不同类型的A星、F星、G星和K星大气中锂丰度的数据,以及这些数据与理论预测的一致性。在不同的演化阶段,观测到的锂丰度的变化可以通过以下天体来说明:1)星系晕中的老恒星,其锂丰度log e(Li)=2.2(“锂平台”),比宇宙学模型预测的原始丰度低0.5 dex。2)银盘中的年轻恒星,已被用于估计主序星的当代初始锂丰度log e(Li)=3.2 +/- 0.1。讨论了星系演化过程中星际介质中锂富集的可能来源。3)在银盘中演化的FGK矮星,由于较低的有效温度Teff和质量M而具有较低的log e(Li)。讨论了老团簇中log e(Li)相对于Teff的分布在Teff~6600 K附近的“锂凹陷”现象。4)FGK巨星和超巨星,其中大多数根本没有锂。这一现象与旋转恒星模型的计算结果一致。5)富含锂的冷巨星,log e(Li)> 2.0,形成一个小而神秘的群。只有在低的初始自转速度V0 < 50 km/s的情况下,考虑自转的理论模型才能解释这些恒星的存在。在所有其他情况下,有必要假设最近的锂合成(捕获一颗巨大的行星是一种选择)。6)磁性Ap-stars,锂集中在位于磁极的点。在那里,锂丰度达到log e(Li)=6。在这篇评论中讨论的几乎所有恒星都注意到观测和理论之间的不一致。

英文摘要:

Of all the light elements, lithium is the most sensitive indicator of stellar evolution. This review discusses current data on the abundance of lithium in the atmospheres of A-, F-, G-, and K-stars of different types, as well as the consistency of these data with theoretical predictions. The variety of observed Li abundances is illustrated by the following objects in different stages of evolution: 1) Old stars in the galactic halo, which have a lithium abundance log e(Li)=2.2 (the "lithium plateau") that appears to be 0.5 dex lower than the primordial abundance predicted by cosmological models. 2) Young stars in the galactic disk, which have been used to estimate the contemporary initial lithium abundance log e(Li)=3.2 +/- 0.1 for stars in the Main sequence. Possible sources of lithium enrichment in the interstellar medium during evolution of the galaxy are discussed. 3) Evolving FGK dwarfs in the galactic disk, which have lower log e(Li) for lower effective temperature Teff and mass M. The "lithium dip" near Teff~6600 K in the distribution of log e(Li) with respect to Teff in old clusters is discussed. 4) FGK giants and supergiants, of which most have no lithium at all. This phenomenon is consistent with rotating star model calculations. 5) Lithium rich cold giants with log e(Li) > 2.0 , which form a small, enigmatic group. Theoretical models with rotation can explain the existence of these stars only in the case of low initial rotation velocities V0 < 50 km/s. In all other cases it is necessary to assume recent synthesis of lithium (capture of a giant planet is an alternative). 6) Magnetic Ap-stars, where lithium is concentrated in spots located at the magnetic poles. There the lithium abundance reaches log e(Li)=6. Discrepancies between observations and theory are noted for almost all the stars discussed in this review.

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