Modeling an ontology is a hard and time-consuming task. Although methodologies are useful for ontologists to create good ontologies, they do not help with the task of evaluating the quality of the ontology to be reused. For these reasons, it is imperative to evaluate the quality of the ontology after constructing it or before reusing it. Few studies usually present only a set of criteria and questions, but no guidelines to evaluate the ontology. The effort to evaluate an ontology is very high as there is a huge dependence on the evaluator's expertise to understand the criteria and questions in depth. Moreover, the evaluation is still very subjective. This study presents a novel methodology for ontology evaluation, taking into account three fundamental principles: i) it is based on the Goal, Question, Metric approach for empirical evaluation; ii) the goals of the methodologies are based on the roles of knowledge representations combined with specific evaluation criteria; iii) each ontology is evaluated according to the type of ontology. The methodology was empirically evaluated using different ontologists and ontologies of the same domain. The main contributions of this study are: i) defining a step-by-step approach to evaluate the quality of an ontology; ii) proposing an evaluation based on the roles of knowledge representations; iii) the explicit difference of the evaluation according to the type of the ontology iii) a questionnaire to evaluate the ontologies; iv) a statistical model that automatically calculates the quality of the ontologies.
Vaal University of Technology（瓦尔理工大学）；North-West University（西北大学）
Electronic government (e-government) has been one of the most active areas of ontology development during the past six years. In e-government, ontologies are being used to describe and specify e-government services (e-services) because they enable easy composition, matching, mapping and merging of various e-government services. More importantly, they also facilitate the semantic integration and interoperability of e-government services. However, it is still unclear in the current literature how an existing ontology building methodology can be applied to develop semantic ontology models in a go…
This report describes a new version of the OntoSpec methodology for ontology building. Defined by the LaRIA Knowledge Engineering Team (University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France), OntoSpec aims at helping builders to model ontological knowledge (upstream of formal representation). The methodology relies on a set of rigorously-defined modelling primitives and principles. Its application leads to the elaboration of a semi-informal ontology, which is independent of knowledge representation languages. We recently enriched the OntoSpec methodology by endowing it with a new resource, the DO…
WiseOWL: A Methodology for Evaluating Ontological Descriptiveness and Semantic Correctness for Ontology Reuse and Ontology Recommendations
Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Kansas State University（堪萨斯州立大学）；National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR)（本体研究国家中心（NCOR））；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）；University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center（德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心）；The University of Texas System（德克萨斯大学系统）
In this chapter we propose Generic Ontology Design Patterns, GODPs, as a methodology for representing and instantiating ontology design patterns in a way that is adaptable, and allows domain experts (and other users) to safely use them without cluttering their ontologies.
Chiang Mai University（清迈大学）；University Lumiere Lyon 2（里昂第二大学）
Knowledge-based economy forces companies in the nation to group together as a cluster in order to maintain their competitiveness in the world market. The cluster development relies on two key success factors which are knowledge sharing and collaboration between the actors in the cluster. Thus, our study tries to propose knowledge management system to support knowledge management activities within the cluster. To achieve the objectives of this study, ontology takes a very important role in knowledge management process in various ways; such as building reusable and faster knowledge-bases, better…
To present the biodiversity information, a semantic model is required that connects all kinds of data about living creatures and their habitats. The model must be able to encode human knowledge for machines to be understood. Ontology offers the richest machine-interpretable (rather than just machine-processable) and explicit semantics that are being extensively used in the biodiversity domain. Various ontologies are developed for the biodiversity domain however a review of the current landscape shows that these ontologies are not capable to define the Indian biodiversity information though Ind…
Electronic Research Institute（电子研究所）；Al-Azhar University（爱资哈尔大学）
This Ontologies are widely used as a means for solving the information heterogeneity problems on the web because of their capability to provide explicit meaning to the information. They become an efficient tool for knowledge representation in a structured manner. There is always more than one ontology for the same domain. Furthermore, there is no standard method for building ontologies, and there are many ontology building tools using different ontology languages. Because of these reasons, interoperability between the ontologies is very low. Current ontology tools mostly use functions to build…
Leveraging LLMs for Collaborative Ontology Engineering in Parkinson Disease Monitoring and Alerting
Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean（爱琴海大学智能系统实验室）；Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus（比雷埃克斯大学人工智能实验室）
Telefónica R&D（西班牙电信研发部门）；Universidad Politécnica de Madrid（马德里理工大学）
The present paper presents the Weighted Ontology Approximation Heuristic (WOAH), a novel zero-shot approach to ontology estimation for conversational agents development environments. This methodology extracts verbs and nouns separately from data by distilling the dependencies obtained and applying similarity and sparsity metrics to generate an ontology estimation configurable in terms of the level of generalization.
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg（马格德堡奥托·冯·格里克大学）；Free University of Bozen-Bolzano（博尔扎诺自由大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
Reference ontologies provide a shared vocabulary and knowledge resource for their domain. Manual construction enables them to maintain a high quality, allowing them to be widely accepted across their community. However, the manual development process does not scale for large domains. We present a new methodology for automatic ontology extension and apply it to the ChEBI ontology, a prominent reference ontology for life sciences chemistry. We trained a Transformer-based deep learning model on the leaf node structures from the ChEBI ontology and the classes to which they belong. The model is the…
Vaal University of Technology（瓦尔理工大学）；North-West University（西北大学）
One of the key challenges in electronic government (e-government) is the development of systems that can be easily integrated and interoperated to provide seamless services delivery to citizens. In recent years, Semantic Web technologies based on ontology have emerged as promising solutions to the above engineering problems. However, current research practicing semantic development in e-government does not focus on the application of available methodologies and platforms for developing government domain ontologies. Furthermore, only a few of these researches provide detailed guidelines for dev…
University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）；Poznan University of Technology（波兹南理工大学）
Emerging ontology authoring methods to add knowledge to an ontology focus on ameliorating the validation bottleneck. The verification of the newly added axiom is still one of trying and seeing what the reasoner says, because a systematic testbed for ontology authoring is missing. We sought to address this by introducing the approach of test-driven development for ontology authoring. We specify 36 generic tests, as TBox queries and TBox axioms tested through individuals, and structure their inner workings in an `open box'-way, which cover the OWL 2 DL language features. This is implemented as a…
The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) is a structured repository of concepts (HPO Terms) that are associated to one or more diseases. The process of association is referred to as annotation. The relevance and the specificity of both HPO terms and annotations are evaluated by a measure defined as Information Content (IC). The analysis of annotated data is thus an important challenge for bioinformatics. There exist different approaches of analysis. From those, the use of Association Rules (AR) may provide useful knowledge, and it has been used in some applications, e.g. improving the quality of ann…
University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）；Poznan University of Technology（波兹南理工大学）
Ontology authoring is a complex process, where commonly the automated reasoner is invoked for verification of newly introduced changes, therewith amounting to a time-consuming test-last approach. Test-Driven Development (TDD) for ontology authoring is a recent {\em test-first} approach that aims to reduce authoring time and increase authoring efficiency. Current TDD testing falls short on coverage of OWL features and possible test outcomes, the rigorous foundation thereof, and evaluations to ascertain its effectiveness. We aim to address these issues in one instantiation of TDD for ontology au…
Despite the current interest in Open Data publishing, a formal and comprehensive methodology supporting an organization in deciding which data to publish and carrying out precise procedures for publishing high-quality data, is still missing. In this paper we argue that the Ontology-based Data Management paradigm can provide a formal basis for a principled approach to publish high quality, semantically annotated Open Data. We describe two main approaches to using an ontology for this endeavor, and then we present some technical results on one of the approaches, called bottom-up, where the speci…
OntoChatGPT Information System: Ontology-Driven Structured Prompts for ChatGPT Meta-Learning
Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院格鲁什科夫控制论研究所）；Frantsevic Institute for Problems in Material Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院弗兰采维奇材料科学问题研究所）
The proposed methodology is procedural i.e. it follows finite number of steps that extracts relevant documents according to users query. It is based on principles of Data Mining for analyzing web data. Data Mining first adapts integration of data to generate warehouse. Then, it extracts useful information with the help of algorithm. The task of representing extracted documents is done by using Vector Based Statistical Approach that represents each document in set of Terms.
Semantics based knowledge representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in automatically generating meaningful factual questions. Determining the difficulty level of these system generated questions is helpful to effectively utilize them in various educational and professional applications. The existing approaches for finding the difficulty level of factual questions are very simple and are limited to a few basic principles. We propose a new methodology for this problem by considering an educational theory called Item Response Theory (IRT). In the IRT, knowledge proficiency of…
Our ongoing work aims at defining an ontology-centered approach for building expertise models for the CommonKADS methodology. This approach (which we have named "OntoKADS") is founded on a core problem-solving ontology which distinguishes between two conceptualization levels: at an object level, a set of concepts enable us to define classes of problem-solving situations, and at a meta level, a set of meta-concepts represent modeling primitives. In this article, our presentation of OntoKADS will focus on the core ontology and, in particular, on roles - the primitive situated at the interface be…
Wright State University（莱特州立大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）；Kansas State University（堪萨斯州立大学）；Hydronos Labs（海德罗诺斯实验室）；University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；Innopolis University（因诺波利斯大学）；Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council（国家研究委员会认知科学与技术研究所）；Lero - The Irish Software Research Center（Lero爱尔兰软件研究中心）；University College Cork（科克大学学院）
Quality, architecture, and process are considered the keystones of software engineering. ISO defines them in three separate standards. However, their interaction has been scarcely studied, so far. The SQuAP model (Software Quality, Architecture, Process) describes twenty-eight main factors that impact on software quality in banking systems, and each factor is described as a relation among some characteristics from the three ISO standards. Hence, SQuAP makes such relations emerge rigorously, although informally. In this paper, we present SQuAP-Ont, an OWL ontology designed by following a well-e…
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU（巴斯克大学（UPV/EHU））
We report on the results of evaluating the competency of a first-order ontology for its use with automated theorem provers (ATPs). The evaluation follows the adaptation of the methodology based on competency questions (CQs) [Grüninger&Fox,1995] to the framework of first-order logic, which is presented in [Álvez&Lucio&Rigau,2015], and is applied to Adimen-SUMO [Álvez&Lucio&Rigau,2015]. The set of CQs used for this evaluation has been automatically generated from a small set of semantic patterns and the mapping of WordNet to SUMO. Analysing the results, we can conclude that it is feasible to use…
Web Ontology Language (OWL) reasoners are used to infer new logical relations from ontologies. While inferring new facts, these reasoners can be further optimized, e.g., by properly ordering disjuncts in disjunction expressions of ontologies for satisfiability testing of concepts. Different expansion-ordering heuristics have been developed for this purpose. The built-in heuristics in these reasoners determine the order for branches in search trees while each heuristic choice causes different effects for various ontologies depending on the ontologies' syntactic structure and probably other feat…
IDEA2: Expert-in-the-loop competency question elicitation for collaborative ontology engineering
School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool（利物浦大学计算机科学与信息学院）；College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University（塔伊巴大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Unilever Plc., Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool（联合利华公司，利物浦大学材料创新工厂）
Documentation Research and Training Centre, Indian Statistical Institute（印度统计研究所文献研究与培训中心）；Department of Library and Information Science, Calcutta University（加尔各答大学图书馆与信息科学系）
The major objective of this work is to study and report the existing ontology-driven models for narrative information. The paper aims to analyze these models across various domains. The goal of this work is to bring the relevant literature, and ontology models under one umbrella, and perform a parametric comparative study. A systematic literature review methodology was adopted for an extensive literature selection. A random stratified sampling technique was used to select the models from the literature. The findings explicate a comparative view of the narrative models across domains. The diffe…
A semantic approach to mapping the Provenance Ontology to Basic Formal Ontology
National Center for Ontological Research（国家本体论研究中心）；Conceptual Systems（概念系统公司）；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）；Summit Knowledge Solutions（顶峰知识解决方案公司）；University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science（人工智能与数据科学研究所）
Irradiation experiments (IE) are an essential step in the development of High-Energy Physics (HEP) particle accelerators and detectors. They assess the radiation hardness of materials used in HEP experimental devices by simulating, in a short time, the common long-term degradation effects due to their bombardment by high-energy particles. IEs are also used in other scientific and industrial fields such as medicine (e.g., for cancer treatment, medical imaging, etc.), space/avionics (e.g., for radiation testing of payload equipment) as well as in industry (e.g., for food sterilization). Usually …
National Center for Ontological Research（国家本体研究中心）；University at Buffalo, State University of New York（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）；KadSci LLC（卡德科学有限责任公司）；CUBRC, Inc.（CUBRC公司）；University of Michigan-Ann Arbor（密歇根大学安娜堡分校）
Ontology-based knowledge representation for bone disease diagnosis: a foundation for safe and sustainable medical artificial intelligence systems
University of Science, VNUHCM（胡志明市国家大学科学大学）；Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（越南国家大学胡志明市分校）；Ho Chi Minh City Hospital for Traumatology and Orthopedics（胡志明市创伤与骨科医院）
Ontology Learning (OL) is the computational task of generating a knowledge base in the form of an ontology given an unstructured corpus whose content is in natural language (NL). Several works can be found in this area most of which are limited to statistical and lexico-syntactic pattern matching based techniques Light-Weight OL. These techniques do not lead to very accurate learning mostly because of several linguistic nuances in NL. Formal OL is an alternative (less explored) methodology were deep linguistics analysis is made using theory and tools found in computational linguistics to gener…
The development of domain ontological models, though being a mature research arena backed by well-established methodologies, still suffer from two key shortcomings. Firstly, the issues concerning the semantic persistency of ontology concepts and their flexible reuse in domain development employing existing approaches. Secondly, due to the difficulty in understanding and reusing top-level concepts in existing foundational ontologies, the obfuscation regarding the semantic nature of domain representations. The paper grounds the aforementioned shortcomings in representation diversity and proposes…
User ignorance towards the use of communication services like Instant Messengers, emails, websites, social networks etc. is becoming the biggest advantage for phishers. It is required to create technical awareness in users by educating them to create a phishing detection application which would generate phishing alerts for the user so that phishing messages are not ignored. The lack of basic security features to detect and prevent phishing has had a profound effect on the IM clients, as they lose their faith in e-banking and e-commerce transactions, which will have a disastrous impact on the c…
Софийски Университет “Св. Климент Охридски”（索非亚大学圣·克利门特·奥赫里德斯基大学）；Институт по информационни технологии – БАН（保加利亚科学院信息技术研究所）
Semantic web services (SWS) are self-contained, self-describing, semantically marked-up software resources that can be published, discovered, composed and executed across the Web in a semi-automatic way. They are a key component of the future Semantic Web, in which networked computer programs become providers and users of information at the same time. This work focuses on developing a full-life-cycle software toolset for creating and maintaining Semantic Web Services (SWSs) based on the Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) framework. A main part of WSMO-based SWS is service capability - a dec…
Osaka Electro-Communication University（大阪电气通信大学）；Faculty of Information and Communication Engineering（信息与通信工程学院）
We propose a methodology for extracting concepts for a target domain from large-scale linked open data (LOD) to support the construction of domain ontologies providing field-specific knowledge and definitions. The proposed method defines search entities by linking the LOD vocabulary with technical terms related to the target domain. The search entities are then used as a starting point for obtaining upper-level concepts in the LOD, and the occurrences of common upper-level entities and the chain-of-path relationships are examined to determine the range of conceptual connections in the target d…
University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation（中央编目与文献研究所）；Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities（文化遗产与活动部）；Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies（认知科学与技术研究所）；Italian National Research Council（意大利国家研究委员会）
Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) have become an established and recognised practice for guaranteeing good quality ontology engineering. There are several ODP repositories where ODPs are shared as well as ontology design methodologies recommending their reuse. Performing rigorous testing is recommended as well for supporting ontology maintenance and validating the resulting resource against its motivating requirements. Nevertheless, it is less than straightforward to find guidelines on how to apply such methodologies for developing domain-specific knowledge graphs. ArCo is the knowledge graph of…
European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC)（欧盟委员会联合研究中心）
In this work, we investigate a novel semantic approach for pattern discovery in trajectories that, relying on ontologies, enhances object movement information with event semantics. The approach can be applied to the detection of movement patterns and behaviors whenever the semantics of events occurring along the trajectory is, explicitly or implicitly, available. In particular, we tested it against an exacting case scenario in maritime surveillance, i.e., the discovery of suspicious container transportations. The methodology we have developed entails the formalization of the application domain…
Jožef Stefan Institute（约泽夫·斯蒂芬研究所）；Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School（约泽夫·斯蒂芬国际研究生院）；Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
Empirical data plays an important role in evolutionary computation research. To make better use of the available data, ontologies have been proposed in the literature to organize their storage in a structured way. However, the full potential of these formal methods to capture our domain knowledge has yet to be demonstrated. In this work, we evaluate a performance prediction model built on top of the extension of the recently proposed OPTION ontology. More specifically, we first extend the OPTION ontology with the vocabulary needed to represent modular black-box optimization algorithms. Then, w…
University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Ecole Centrale de Lille（里尔中央理工学院）；Schneider Electric（施耐德电气）；University of Loughborough（拉夫堡大学）
Problems faced by international standardization bodies become more and more crucial as the number and the size of the standards they produce increase. Sometimes, also, the lack of coordination among the committees in charge of the development of standards may lead to overlaps, mistakes or incompatibilities in the documents. The aim of this study is to present a methodology enabling an automatic extraction of the technical concepts (terms) found in normative documents, through the use of semantic tools coming from the field of language processing. The first part of the paper provides a descript…
