The octonions are one of the four normed division algebras, together with the real, complex and quaternion number systems. The latter three hold a primary place in random matrix theory, where in applications to quantum physics they are determined as the entries of ensembles of Hermitian random by symmetry considerations. Only for $N=2$ is there an existing analytic theory of Hermitian random matrices with octonion entries. We use a Jordan algebra viewpoint to provide an analytic theory for $N=3$. We then proceed to consider the matrix structure $X^\dagger X$, when $X$ has random octonion entries. Analytic results are obtained from $N=2$, but are observed to break down in the $3 \times 3$ case.
Using octonions, more specifically, using a 4 x 4 matrix representation of octonions obtained with the help of algebraic properties of quaternions, we obtain the fully symmetric Maxwell's equations (Maxwell's equations with electric and magnetic charges and currents which is invariant under duality transformations).
The 8 $\times$ 8 matrix representation of SO(8) Symmetry has been defined by using the direct product of Pauli matrices and Gamma matrices. These 8 $\times$ 8 matrices are being used to describe the rotations in SO(8) symmetry. The comparison of 8$\times$8 matrices with octonions has also been shown. The transformations of SO(8) symmetry are represented with the help of Octonions and split Octonions spinors.
The paper addresses one of nontrivial octonion related facts. According to paper gr-qc/0409095, the most stable space-time state is the one described by real Dirac matrices in 11-dimensional space of signature 1(-)&10(+). The internal subspace is 7-dimensional, and its stability is due to a high ``zero'' energy packing density when using an oblique-angled basis from fundamental vectors of lattice E_8 for the spinor degrees of freedom. The nontrivial fact consists in the following: Dirac symbols with octonion matrix elements can be used to describe states of the space of internal degrees of fre…
We review attempts by Pascual Jordan and other researchers, most notably Lawrence Biedenharn to generalize quantum mechanics by passing from associative matrix or operator algebras to non-associative algebras. We start with Jordan's work from the early 1930ies leading to Jordan algebras and the first attempt to incorporate the alternative ring of octonions into physics. Jordan's work on the octonions from 1932 till 1952 will be covered, discussing aspects of the exceptional Jordan algebra and how to express probabilities when working with the octonions and the exceptional Jordan algebra. From …
We elucidate the geometry of matrix models based on simple formally real Jordan algebras. Such Jordan algebras give rise to a nonassociative geometry that is a generalization of Lorentzian geometry. We emphasize constructions for the exceptional Jordan algebra and the exceptional Jordan C*-algebra and describe the projective spaces related to the exceptional cubic matrix model and the E_6 matrix model. The resulting projective spaces are shown to be exceptional versions of projective twistor space, thus revealing the existence of exceptional twistor string theories that are dual to octonionic …
The well-known canonical coherent states are expressed as an infinite series in powers of a complex number $z$ together with a positive sequence of real numbers $ρ(m)=m$. In this article, in analogy with the canonical coherent states, we present a class of vector coherent states by replacing the complex variable $z$ by a real Clifford matrix. We also present another class of vector coherent states by simultaneously replacing $z$ by a real Clifford matrix and $ρ(m)$ by a real matrix. As examples, we present vector coherent states on quaternions and octonions with their real matrix representatio…
In this paper we present a criterion for the covering condition of the generalized random matrix ensemble, which enable us to verify the covering condition for the seven classes of generalized random matrix ensemble in an unified and simpler way.
This is a review of the Riemann-Hilbert approach to the large $N$ asymptotics in random matrix models and its applications. We discuss the following topics: random matrix models and orthogonal polynomials, the Riemann-Hilbert approach to the large $N$ asymptotics of orthogonal polynomials and its applications to the problem of universality in random matrix models, the double scaling limits, the large $N$ asymptotics of the partition function, and random matrix models with external source.
We describe a list of open problems in random matrix theory and integrable systems which was presented at the conference ``Integrable Systems, Random Matrices, and Applications'' at the Courant Institute in May 2006.
This paper presents a study of the properties of a matrix model that was introduced to describe transitions between all Wigner surmises of Random Matrix theory. New results include closed-form exact analytical expressions for the transitional probability density functions, as well as suitable analytical approximations for cases not amenable to explicit representation.
We consider Hermitian random band matrices $H$ in $d \geq 1 $ dimensions. The matrix elements $H_{xy},$ indexed by $x, y \in Λ\subset \mathbb{Z}^d,$ are independent, uniformly distributed random variable if $|x-y| $ is less than the band width $W,$ and zero otherwise. We update the previous results of the converge of quantum diffusion in a random band matrix model from convergence of the expectation to convergence in high probability. The result is uniformly in the size $|Λ| $ of the matrix.
This is a concise review of the complex, real and quaternion real Ginibre random matrix ensembles and their elliptic deformations. Eigenvalue correlations are exactly reduced to two-point kernels and discussed in the strongly and weakly non-Hermitian limits of large matrix size.
We will derive here the relaxation behavior of a simple quantum random matrix model. The aim is to derive the effective equations which rise when a random matrix interaction is taken in the weak coupling limit. The physical situation this model represents is that a quantum particle restricted to move on two sites, where every site has N possible energy states. The hopping from one site to another is then modeled by a random matrix. The techniques used here can be applied to many variations of the model.
This paper is my contribution to the planned publication Recent Perspectives in Random Matrix Theory (Cambridge University Press). Addressed is the problem of computing spacing distributions in the bulk for the three symmetry classes orthogonal, unitary and symplectic. Emphasis is placed on the role of Painleve transcendents.
We investigate random, discrete Schrödiner operators which arise naturally in the theory of random matrices, and depend parametrically on Dyson's Coulomb gas inverse temperature $β$. They belong to the class of "critical" random Schrödiner operators with random potentials which diminish as $|x|^{-{1/2}}$. We show that as a function of $β$ their eigenstates undergo a transition from extended ($β\ge 2 $) to power-law localized ($0 < β< 2$).
Using operator methods, we generally present the level densities for kinds of random matrix unitary ensembles in weak sense. As a corollary, the limit spectral distributions of random matrices from Gaussian, Laguerre and Jacobi unitary ensembles are recovered. At the same time, we study the perturbation invariability of the level densities of random matrix unitary ensembles. After the weight function associated with the 1-level correlation function is appended a polynomial multiplicative factor, the level density is invariant in the weak sense.
The $τ$-function theory of Painlevé systems is used to derive recurrences in the rank $n$ of certain random matrix averages over U(n). These recurrences involve auxilary quantities which satisfy discrete Painlevé equations. The random matrix averages include cases which can be interpreted as eigenvalue distributions at the hard edge and in the bulk of matrix ensembles with unitary symmetry. The recurrences are illustrated by computing the value of a sequence of these distributions as $n$ varies, and demonstrating convergence to the value of the appropriate limiting distribution.
In this paper, we give random matrix theory approach to the quantum mechanics using the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi formalism. We show that the bound state problems in quantum mechanics are analogous to solving Gaussian unitary ensemble of random matrix theory. This study helps in identify the potential appear in the joint probability distribution function in the random matrix theory as a super potential. This approach allows to extend the random matrix theory to the newly discovered exceptional polynomials.
We consider level crossing in a matrix family $H=H_0+λV$ where $H_0$ is a fixed $N\times N$ matrix and $V$ belongs to one of the standard Gaussian random matrix ensembles. We study the probability distribution of level crossing points in the complex plane of $λ$, for which we obtain a number of exact, asymptotic and approximate formulas.
We extend the results about the fluctuations of the matrix entries of regular functions of Wigner matrices to the case of sample covariance random matrices.
We consider a family of random Schrödinger operators on the discrete strip with decaying random $\ell^2$ matrix potential. We prove that the spectrum is almost surely pure absolutely continuous, apart from random, possibly embedded eigenvalues, which may accumulate at band edges.
Using the Generalized Maximium Entropy Principle based on the nonextensive q entropy a new family of random matrix ensembles is generated. This family unifies previous extensions of Random Matrix Theory and gives rise to an orthogonal invariant stable Levy ensemble with new statistical properties. Some of them are analytically derived.
We demonstrate the convergence of the characteristic polynomial of several random matrix ensembles to a limiting universal function, at the microscopic scale. The random matrix ensembles we treat are classical compact groups and the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble. In fact, the result is the by-product of a general limit theorem for the convergence of random entire functions whose zeros present a simple regularity property.
We calculate the autocorrelation function for the characteristic polynomial of a random matrix in the microscopic scaling regime. While results fitting this description have be proved before, we will cover all values of inverse temperature $β\in (0,\infty)$. The method also differs from prior work, relying on matrix models introduced by Killip and Nenciu.
In deriving large n probability distribution function of the rightmost eigenvalue from the classical Random Matrix Theory Ensembles, one is faced with que question of finding large n asymptotic of certain coupled set of functions. This paper presents some of these functions in a new light.
We study asymptotics of the partition function $Z_N$ of a Laguerre-type random matrix model when the matrix order $N$ tends to infinity. By using the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems, we obtain an asymptotic expansion of $\log Z_N$ in powers of $N^{-2}$.
We discuss universality in random matrix theory and in the study of Hamiltonian partial differential equations. We focus on universality of critical behavior and we compare results in unitary random matrix ensembles with their counterparts for the Korteweg-de Vries equation, emphasizing the similarities between both subjects.
Standard approach to dynamical random matrix models relies on the description of trajectories of eigenvalues. Using the analogy from optics, based on the duality between the Fermat principle(trajectories) and the Huygens principle (wavefronts), we formulate the Hamilton-Jacobi dynamics for large random matrix models. The resulting equations describe a broad class of random matrix models in a unified way, including normal (Hermitian or unitary) as well as strictly non-normal dynamics. HJ formalism applied to Brownian bridge dynamics allows one for calculations of the asymptotics of the Harish-C…
We complete Dyson's dream by cementing the links between symmetric spaces and classical random matrix ensembles. Previous work has focused on a one-to-one correspondence between symmetric spaces and many but not all of the classical random matrix ensembles. This work shows that we can completely capture all of the classical random matrix ensembles from Cartan's symmetric spaces through the use of alternative coordinate systems. In the end, we have to let go of the notion of a one-to-one correspondence. We emphasize that the KAK decomposition traditionally favored by mathematicians is merely on…
Moments of secular and inverse secular coefficients, averaged over random matrices from classical groups, are related to the enumeration of non-negative matrices with prescribed row and column sums. Similar random matrix averages are related to certain configurations of vicious random walkers and to the enumeration of plane partitions. The combinatorial meaning of the average of the characteristic polynomial of random Hermitian and Wishart matrices is also investigated, and consequently several simple universality results are derived.
We consider the universality of the nearest neighbour eigenvalue spacing distribution in invariant random matrix ensembles. Focussing on orthogonal and symplectic invariant ensembles, we show that the empirical spacing distribution converges in a uniform way. More precisely, the main result states that the expected Kolmogorov distance of the empirical spacing distribution from its universal limit converges to zero as the matrix size tends to infinity.
Using random matrix techniques and the theory of Matrix Product States we show that reduced density matrices of quantum spin chains have generically maximum entropy.
In this preface to the Journal of Physics A, Special Edition on Random Matrix Theory, we give a review of the main historical developments of random matrix theory. A short summary of the papers that appear in this special edition is also given.
Several applications of the moment method in random matrix theory, especially, to local eigenvalue statistics at the spectral edges, are surveyed, with emphasis on a modification of the method involving orthogonal polynomials.
We report the similarity between the Nakagami-m fading distribution and the three Gaussian ensembles of random matrix theory. We provide a brief review of random matrix theory and wireless fading. We show that the Nakagami-m distribution serves as mapping between the three ensembles. The statistics of the wireless fading amplitude, as modeled by Nakagami-m distribution, provide a rare example of a classically chaotic system that exhibits a transition between the Gaussian orthogonal, Gaussian unitary, and Gaussian symplectic ensembles of random matrix theory.
In these lectures we discuss some elementary concepts in connection with the theory of symmetric spaces applied to ensembles of random matrices. We review how the relationship between random matrix theory and symmetric spaces can be used in some physical contexts.
This paper is a brief review of recent developments in random matrix theory. Two aspects are emphasized: the underlying role of integrable systems and the occurrence of the distribution functions of random matrix theory in diverse areas of mathematics and physics.
The Gaussian unitary random matrix ensembles satisfying some additional symmetry conditions are considered. The effect of these conditions on the limiting normalized counting measures and correlation functions is studied.
