The rare decays of a kaon into a pion and a charged lepton/antilepton pair proceed via a flavour changing neutral current and therefore may only be induced beyond tree level in the Standard Model. This natural suppression makes these decays sensitive to the effects of potential New Physics. The CP conserving $K\toπ\ell^+\ell^-$ decay channels however are dominated by a single photon exchange; this involves a sizeable long-distance hadronic contribution which represents the current major source of theoretical uncertainty. Here we outline our methodology for the computation of the long-distance contributions to these rare decay amplitudes using lattice QCD and present the numerical results of the first exploratory studies of these decays in which all but the disconnected diagrams are evaluated. The domain wall fermion ensembles of the RBC and UKQCD collaborations are used, with a pion mass of $M_π\sim 430\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and a kaon mass of $M_{K}\sim 625\,\mathrm{MeV}$. In particular we determine the form factor, $V(z)$, of the $K^+\toπ^+\ell^+\ell^-$ decay from the lattice at small values of $z=q^2/M_{K}^{2}$, obtaining $V(z)=1.37(36),\, 0.68(39),\, 0.96(64)$ for the three values of $z=-0.5594(12),\, -1.0530(34),\, -1.4653(82)$ respectively.
We report the first calculation using physical light-quark masses of the electromagnetic form factor $V(z)$ describing the long-distance contributions to the $K^+\toπ^+\ell^+\ell^-$ decay amplitude. The calculation is performed on a 2+1 flavor domain wall fermion ensemble with inverse lattice spacing $a^{-1}=1.730(4)$GeV. We implement a Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani cancellation by extrapolating to the physical charm-quark mass from three below-charm masses. We obtain $V(z=0.013(2))=-0.87(4.44)$, achieving a bound for the value. The large statistical error arises from stochastically estimated quar…
Rare kaon decays $K^- \to \ell^- \barν_\ell \ell'^{+} \ell'^{-}$: Standard Model predictions from lattice QCD
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre(罗马第三大学数学与物理系);INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre(意大利国家核物理研究所罗马三分部);Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”(罗马托维加塔大学物理系及意大利国家核物理研究所);Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre(意大利国家核物理研究所罗马三分部);Physics Department and INFN Sezione di Roma La Sapienza(罗马第一大学物理系及意大利国家核物理研究所罗马分部);Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton(南安普顿大学物理与天文学系)
Lattice QCD plays an increasing role in reducing theoretical uncertainties in kaon decays. Here we focus on kaon decay channels $K\to \ellν_\ell \ell'^+ \ell'^-$, which are closely related to radiative kaon decays since the lepton pairs $\ell'^+ \ell'^-$ come from virtual photon emission: $K\to \ellν_\ell γ^* \to \ellν_\ell \ell'^+ \ell'^-$. Compared with real photon emission, these channels involve more complicated form factors due to the off-shell photon with possible large momentum transfer, which causes a challenge to lattice-QCD studies. In this work, we introduce a lattice calculation pr…
We analyse for the first time the CP violating ratio $\varepsilon'/\varepsilon$ in $K\to ππ$ decays in leptoquark (LQ) models. Assuming a mass gap to the electroweak (EW) scale, the main mechanism for LQs to contribute to $\varepsilon'/\varepsilon$ is EW gauge-mixing of semi-leptonic into non-leptonic operators, which we treat in the Standard Model effective theory (SMEFT). We perform also the one-loop decoupling for scalar LQs, finding that in all models with both left-handed and right-handed LQ couplings box-diagrams generate numerically strongly enhanced EW-penguin operators $Q_{8,8'}$ alre…
We stress the importance of precise measurements of rare decays $K^+\rightarrowπ^+ν\barν$, $K_L\rightarrowπ^0ν\barν$, $K_{L,S}\toμ^+μ^-$ and $K_{L,S}\toπ^0\ell^+\ell^-$ for the search of new physics (NP). This includes both branching ratios and the distributions in $q^2$, the invariant mass-squared of the neutrino system in the case of $K^+\rightarrowπ^+ν\barν$ and $K_L\rightarrowπ^0ν\barν$ and of the $\ell^+\ell^-$ system in the case of the remaining decays. In particular the correlations between these observables and their correlations with the ratio $\varepsilon'/\varepsilon$ in $K_L\toππ$ …
We fill up the missing piece in our own re-analysis of the long-distance electromagnetic radiative corrections to semileptonic kaon decays by performing a rigorous study in the $K\rightarrowπμ^+ν_μ(γ)$ channels. With appropriate experimental and lattice inputs, we achieve a precision level of $10^{-4}$ in these channels. This is comparable to our previous analysis in the $K\rightarrowπe^+ν_e(γ)$ channels. With this new result, we present an updated global analysis to extract the Standard Model parameter $|V_{us}|$ from semileptonic kaon decays. We obtain $|V_{us}|=0.22308(55)$ and $0.22356(73)…
Precision tests of first-row unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix currently display two intriguing tensions, both at the $3σ$ level. First, combining determinations of $V_{ud}$ from superallowed $β$ decays with $V_{us}$ from kaon decays suggests a deficit in the unitarity relation. At the same time, a tension of similar significance has emerged between $K_{\ell 2}$ and $K_{\ell 3}$ decays. In this Letter, we point out that a measurement of the $K_{\mu3}/K_{μ2}$ branching fraction at the level of $0.2\%$ would have considerable impact on clarifying the experimental situation in the…
The rare Hyperon decay $Σ^+ \to p \ell^+ \ell^-$ is an $s \to d$ flavour changing neutral current, and is therefore suppressed in within the Standard Model, making it an excellent probe for new physics. The process is dominated by long distance processes and therefore lattice QCD is the only existing technique to obtain a first principles Standard Model theoretical prediction. We present our work on an unphysical exploratory study of the rare Hyperon decay on the lattice, including an investigation into the applicability of source-sink sampling for this decay, and we show a generalisation of t…
We develop a methodology for the computation of the $K\to \ellν_\ell \ell'^+ \ell'^-$ decay width using lattice QCD and present an exploratory study here. We use a scalar function method to account for the momentum dependence of the decay amplitude and adopt the infinite volume reconstruction method to reduce the systematic errors such as the temporal truncation effects and the finite-volume effects. We then perform a four-body phase-space integral to obtain the decay width. The only remaining technical problem is the possible power-law finite-volume effects associated with the process of $K\t…
We study the radiative leptonic decays $P\to\ellν_\ell\,\ell^{\prime\,+}\ell^{\prime\,-}$, where $P$ is a pseudoscalar meson and $\ell$ and $\ell^\prime$ are charged leptons. In such decays the emitted photon is off-shell and, in addition to the "point-like" contribution in which the virtual photon is emitted either from the lepton or the meson treated as a point-like particle, four structure-dependent (SD) form factors contribute to the amplitude. We present a strategy for the extraction of the SD form factors and implement it in an exploratory lattice computation of the decay rates for the f…
Complete lattice QCD calculation of $K^{-}\to \ell^{-}\barν_{\ell}\ell^{'+}\ell^{'-}$ form factors
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre and INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre(罗马第三大学数学与物理系及INFN罗马第三分所);Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”(罗马托维尔加塔大学物理系及INFN);Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre(意大利国家核物理研究所罗马第三分所);Physics Department and INFN Sezione di Roma La Sapienza(罗马第一大学物理系及INFN罗马拉萨皮恩扎分所);Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton(南安普顿大学物理与天文系)
We present updated results for the form factors of the kaon semileptonic $(K_{\ell 3})$ decay process calculated with $N_f = 2 + 1$ nonperturbatively $O(a)$-improved Wilson quark action and Iwasaki gauge action at the physical point on large volumes of more than (10 fm)$^4$. In addition to our previous calculation at the lattice spacing $a = 0.085$ fm, we perform a calculation at the second lattice spacing of $0.063$ fm. Using the results for the form factors extracted from 3-point functions with the local and also conserved vector currents at the two lattice spacings, continuum extrapolation …
$B \to π\ell ν$ and $B_s \to K \ell ν$ form factors and $|V_{ub}|$ from 2+1-flavor lattice QCD with domain-wall light quarks and relativistic heavy quarks
Employing the QCD factorization formalism we compute $B_{u}^{-} \to γ^{\ast} \, \ell \, \bar ν_{\ell}$ form factors with an off-shell photon state possessing the virtuality of order $m_b \, Λ_{\rm QCD}$ and $m_b^2$, respectively, at next-to-leading order in QCD. Perturbative resummation for the enhanced logarithms of $m_b / Λ_{\rm QCD}$ in the resulting factorization formulae is subsequently accomplished at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy with the renormalization-group technique in momentum space. In particular, we derive the soft-collinear factorization formulae for a variety of the subl…
Theoretical framework for lattice QCD computations of $B\to K \ell^+ \ell^-$ and $\bar{B}_s\to \ell^+\ell^- γ$ decays rates, including contributions from charming penguin diagrams
Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”(罗马托尔维加塔大学);INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre(意大利国家核物理研究所罗马三分所);INFN, Sezione di Roma(意大利国家核物理研究所罗马分所);Università di Roma La Sapienza(罗马第一大学);University of Southampton(南安普顿大学)