197 Candidates and 104 Validated Planets in K2's First Five Fields
Ian J. M. Crossfield, David R. Ciardi, Erik A. Petigura, Evan Sinukoff, Joshua E. Schlieder, Andrew W. Howard, Charles A. Beichman, Howard Isaacson, Courtney D.… 展开作者
Ian J. M. Crossfield, David R. Ciardi, Erik A. Petigura, Evan Sinukoff, Joshua E. Schlieder, Andrew W. Howard, Charles A. Beichman, Howard Isaacson, Courtney D. Dressing, Jessie L. Christiansen, Benjamin J. Fulton, Sébastien Lépine, Lauren Weiss, Lea Hirsch, John Livingston, Christoph Baranec, Nicholas M. Law, Reed Riddle, Carl Ziegler, Steve B. Howell, Elliott Horch, Mark Everett, Johanna Teske, Arturo O. Martinez, Christian Obermeier, Björn Benneke, Nic Scott, Niall Deacon, Kimberly M. Aller, Brad M. S. Hansen, Luigi Mancini, Simona Ciceri, Rafael Brahm, Andrés Jordán, Heather A. Knutson, Thomas Henning, Michaël Bonnefoy, Michael C. Liu, Justin R. Crepp, Joshua Lothringer, Phil Hinz, Vanessa Bailey, Andrew Skemer, Denis Defrere
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ApJS accepted. 66 pages, 12 figures, 10 tables, 64 new planets. Data uploaded to https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/k2/ . v2: Now note 3 known planet names, and corrected a citation. v3: arXiv refs now display correctly
We present 197 planet candidates discovered using data from the first year of the NASA K2 mission (Campaigns 0-4), along with the results of an intensive program of photometric analyses, stellar spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation. We distill these candidates into sets of 104 validated planets (57 in multi-planet systems), 30 false positives, and 63 remaining candidates. Our validated systems span a range of properties, with median values of R_P = 2.3 R_E, P=8.6 d, Tef = 5300 K, and Kp=12.7 mag. Stellar spectroscopy provides precise stellar and planetary parameters for most of these systems. We show that K2 has increased by 30% the number of small planets known to orbit moderately bright stars (1-4 R_E, Kp=9-13 mag). Of particular interest are 37 planets smaller than 2 R_E, 15 orbiting stars brighter than Kp=11.5, five receiving Earth-like irradiation levels, and several multi-planet systems -- including four planets orbiting the M dwarf K2-72 near mean-motion resonances. By quantifying the likelihood that each candidate is a planet we demonstrate that our candidate sample has an overall false positive rate of 15-30%, with rates substantially lower for small candidates (< 2 R_E) and larger for candidates with radii > 8 R_E and/or with P < 3 d. Extrapolation of the current planetary yield suggests that K2 will discover between 500-1000 planets in its planned four-year mission -- assuming sufficient follow-up resources are available. Efficient observing and analysis, together with an organized and coherent follow-up strategy, is essential to maximize the efficacy of planet-validation efforts for K2, TESS, and future large-scale surveys.
Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program
麦哲伦速度巡天发现了五颗围绕G和K矮星运行的新行星。这些伴星是木星质量的行星,在偏心(e \geq 0.24)的中长期轨道上运行。HD 86226b围绕着一颗金属丰度为G2的矮星。行星的MP sin i质量为1.5 MJUP,半长轴为2.6 AU,离心率为0.73。HD 129445b围绕着一颗富含金属的G6矮星运行。该行星的最小质量为MP sin i =1.6 MJUP,半长轴为2.9 AU,离心率为0.70。HD 164604b围绕一颗K2矮星运行。MP sin i质量为2.7 MJUP,半长轴为1.3 AU,偏心率为0.24。HD 175167b是一颗富含金属的G5恒星。MP sin i质量为7.8 MJUP,半长轴为2.4 AU,偏心率为0.54。HD 152079b围绕一颗G6矮星运行。行星的MP sin i质量为3 MJUP,半长轴为3.2 AU,离心率为0.60。
Search for Nearby Earth Analogs. II. detection of five new planets, eight planet candidates, and confirmation of three planets around nine nearby M dwarfs
Exoplanet Validation with Machine Learning: 50 new validated Kepler planets
University of Warwick(华威大学);The Alan Turing Institute(阿兰·图灵研究所)
到目前为止,已知的4000颗系外行星中有超过30%是使用“验证”发现的,其中计算了由假阳性(FP),非行星场景引起的凌日的统计可能性。对于大多数经过验证的行星,使用vespa算法进行计算(Morton et al. 2016)。不管维斯帕的优点和缺点,已知行星的目录不依赖于单一的方法是非常可取的。我们演示了使用机器学习算法,特别是高斯过程分类器(GPC)加强其他模型,执行概率行星验证纳入先验概率可能的FP方案。GPC可以达到0.54的平均每样本的对数损失时,从开普勒阈值交叉事件(TCE)目录中的FP分离确认的行星。一旦计算出适用的审查指标,我们的模型可以在几秒钟内验证数千个看不见的候选人,并且可以适应于与活跃的TESS任务一起工作,其中大量观察到的目标需要使用自动算法。我们讨论了这种方法的局限性和注意事项,并在考虑可能的故障模式后,新验证了50个开普勒候选行星,通过使用最新的恒星信息与vespa确认它们来检查验证。关于与vespa的差异出现了许多其他候选人,这通常有利于我们的模型解决。考虑到这些问题,我们警告不要使用单一方法行星验证与任何一种方法,直到差异被完全理解。
High five from ASTEP: Three validated planets and two eclipsing binaries in a diverse set of long-period candidates
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)(欧洲航天局(ESA),欧洲空间研究与技术中心(ESTEC));School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学物理与天文学学院);Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford(牛津大学天体物理学系);Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS(拉格朗日实验室,尼斯蔚蓝海岸大学,法国国家科学研究中心);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University(范德堡大学物理与天文学系);Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University(普林斯顿大学天体物理学系);Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教大学天体物理研究所);Millennium Institute for Astrophysics, Chile(智利千禧年天体物理研究所);Facultad de Ingeniera y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez(阿道夫·伊巴涅斯大学工程与科学学院);Data Observatory Foundation, Chile(智利数据观测基金会);Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden(莱顿大学莱顿天文台)
Five transiting hot Jupiters discovered using WASP-South, Euler and TRAPPIST: WASP-119 b, WASP-124 b, WASP-126 b, WASP-129 b and WASP-133 b
我们已经使用测光从WASP-南仪器,以确定5颗恒星显示行星一样的过渡,在他们的光变曲线。这些恒星的伴星的行星性质已经通过使用瑞士欧拉1.2米望远镜和TRAPPIST望远镜上的EulerCam仪器的测光以及CORALIE摄谱仪获得的光谱学得到证实。发现的行星是热木星系统,轨道周期在2.17到5.75天之间,质量从0.3 M $_{\rm Jup}$到1.2 M $_{\rm Jup}$,半径从1 R $_{\rm Jup}$到1.5 R $_{\rm Jup}$。这些行星围绕明亮的恒星(V = 11-13)运行,其光谱型在F9到G4之间。WASP-126是这个样本中最明亮的行星系,拥有一颗半径大的低质量行星(0.3 M $_{\rm Jup}$,0.95 R $_{\rm Jup}$),使其成为透射光谱学的良好目标。WASP-129 A的高密度表明它是一颗类似于HAT-P-11 A的富氦恒星。WASP-133与其他古老的G型恒星,特别是其他行星宿主恒星相比,具有更高的表面锂丰度。这些行星系是利用地面和空间设施进行后续观测以研究其大气和动力特性的良好目标。
Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries: I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A
我们目前的第一个结果,从我们的凯克计划调查的轨道结构的行星托管多恒星系统。开普勒-444是一个贫金属的三星系统,拥有五颗次地球大小的行星围绕主星(开普勒-444A)运行,以及一对空间未解析的M矮星(开普勒-444BC),投影距离为1.8”(66 AU)。我们结合我们的凯克/NIRC 2自适应光学天体测量与多历元凯克/HIRES RV的所有三颗恒星,以确定一个精确的轨道周围的BC对,鉴于其经验约束的质量。我们测量最小的天体测量运动($1.0\pm0.6$ mas yr $^{-1}$,或$0.17\pm0.10$ km s $^{-1}$),但我们的RV揭示了显着的轨道速度($1.7\pm0.2$ km s $^{-1}$)和加速度($7.8\pm0.5$ m s $^{-1}$ yr $^{-1}$)。我们确定了一个高偏心恒星轨道($e=0.864\pm0.023$),使紧M矮星对内的行星系统的$5.0^{+0.9}_{-1.0}$ AU。我们验证了该系统是动态稳定的,在其目前的配置,通过n体模拟。我们发现A $-$ BC轨道和行星轨道很可能是对齐的(98%),因为它们都有边缘上的轨道和不对齐引起行星的进动。我们的结论是,在行星形成的时期,恒星可能在它们目前的轨道上,在$\approx$ 2 AU处截断了原行星盘。这个被截断的圆盘可能已经严重耗尽了固体物质,从而形成了总的$\app…
A Spitzer Five-Band Analysis of the Jupiter-Sized Planet TrES-1
With an equilibrium temperature of 1200 K, TrES-1 is one of the coolest hot Jupiters observed by { \Spitzer }. It was also the first planet discovered by any transit survey and one of the first exoplanets from which thermal emission was directly observed. We analyzed all { \Spitzer } eclipse and transit data for TrES-1 and obtained its eclipse depths and brightness temperatures in the 3.6 { \micron } (0.083 % { \pm } 0.024 %, 1270 { \pm } 110 K), 4.5 { \micron } (0.094 % { \pm } 0.024 %, 1126 { \pm } 90 K), 5.8 { \micron } (0.162 % { \pm } 0.042 %, 1205 { \pm } 130 K), 8.0 { \micron } (0.213 %…
From Earths to Super-Earths: Five New Small Planets Transiting M Dwarf Stars
California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学研究所);University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校);Yale University(耶鲁大学);University of California at Berkeley(加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, IPAC, California Institute of Technology(NASA系外行星科学研究所/IPAC/加州理工学院);Sternberg Astronomical Institute, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University(列别捷夫天文研究所/莫斯科国立罗蒙诺索夫大学);Princeton University(普林斯顿大学);Flatiron Institute(平顿研究所);The University of Tokyo(东京大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);University of Bern(伯尔尼大学);Union College(联合学院);NASA Ames Research Center(NASA艾姆斯研究中心);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);University of St. Andrews(圣安德鲁斯大学);Université de Liège(列日大学)