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arXiv 1512.03428astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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行星宿主双星的轨道结构:I。Kepler-444 A截顶盘中形成五颗小行星

Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries: I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A

Trent J. Dupuy, Kaitlin M. Kratter, Adam L. Kraus, Howard Isaacson, Andrew W. Mann, Michael J. Ireland, Andrew W. Howard, Daniel Huber

摘要:

我们目前的第一个结果,从我们的凯克计划调查的轨道结构的行星托管多恒星系统。开普勒-444是一个贫金属的三星系统,拥有五颗次地球大小的行星围绕主星(开普勒-444A)运行,以及一对空间未解析的M矮星(开普勒-444BC),投影距离为1.8”(66 AU)。我们结合我们的凯克/NIRC 2自适应光学天体测量与多历元凯克/HIRES RV的所有三颗恒星,以确定一个精确的轨道周围的BC对,鉴于其经验约束的质量。我们测量最小的天体测量运动($1.0\pm0.6$ mas yr $^{-1}$,或$0.17\pm0.10$ km s $^{-1}$),但我们的RV揭示了显着的轨道速度($1.7\pm0.2$ km s $^{-1}$)和加速度($7.8\pm0.5$ m s $^{-1}$ yr $^{-1}$)。我们确定了一个高偏心恒星轨道($e=0.864\pm0.023$),使紧M矮星对内的行星系统的$5.0^{+0.9}_{-1.0}$ AU。我们验证了该系统是动态稳定的,在其目前的配置,通过n体模拟。我们发现A $-$ BC轨道和行星轨道很可能是对齐的(98%),因为它们都有边缘上的轨道和不对齐引起行星的进动。我们的结论是,在行星形成的时期,恒星可能在它们目前的轨道上,在$\approx$ 2 AU处截断了原行星盘。这个被截断的圆盘可能已经严重耗尽了固体物质,从而形成了总的$\approx$ 1.5 $M_{\rm Earth}$的行星。因此,我们强烈地限制了尘埃转化为行星的效率,并建议开普勒-444系统与解释更典型的开普勒行星在正常而非截断盘中形成的模型是一致的。

英文摘要:

We present the first results from our Keck program investigating the orbital architectures of planet-hosting multiple star systems. Kepler-444 is a metal-poor triple star system that hosts five sub-Earth-sized planets orbiting the primary star (Kepler-444A), as well as a spatially unresolved pair of M dwarfs (Kepler-444BC) at a projected distance of 1.8" (66 AU). We combine our Keck/NIRC2 adaptive optics astrometry with multi-epoch Keck/HIRES RVs of all three stars to determine a precise orbit for the BC pair around A, given their empirically constrained masses. We measure minimal astrometric motion ($1.0\pm0.6$ mas yr$^{-1}$, or $0.17\pm0.10$ km s$^{-1}$), but our RVs reveal significant orbital velocity ($1.7\pm0.2$ km s$^{-1}$) and acceleration ($7.8\pm0.5$ m s$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$). We determine a highly eccentric stellar orbit ($e=0.864\pm0.023$) that brings the tight M dwarf pair within $5.0^{+0.9}_{-1.0}$ AU of the planetary system. We validate that the system is dynamically stable in its present configuration via n-body simulations. We find that the A$-$BC orbit and planetary orbits are likely aligned (98%) given that they both have edge-on orbits and misalignment induces precession of the planets out of transit. We conclude that the stars were likely on their current orbits during the epoch of planet formation, truncating the protoplanetary disk at $\approx$2 AU. This truncated disk would have been severely depleted of solid material from which to form the total $\approx$1.5 $M_{\rm Earth}$ of planets. We thereby strongly constrain the efficiency of the conversion of dust into planets and suggest that the Kepler-444 system is consistent with models that explain the formation of more typical close-in Kepler planets in normal, not truncated, disks.

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