红皇后王国的混乱省份
Chaotic provinces in the kingdom of the Red Queen
摘要：
寄生虫与其宿主之间的相互作用存在于所有种类的物种中，并且在理解进化和共同进化的原则方面发挥着重要作用。通常，宿主和寄生虫的不同基因型在其丰度中振荡。红皇后振荡动力学的成熟理论提出了每个物种内不同类型频率的持续变化。到目前为止，还不清楚红皇后动力学以何种方式持续存在于两种以上类型的宿主和寄生虫中。在我们的分析中，任意数量的类型内的两个物种进行检查，在一个确定性的框架与恒定或变化的人口规模。这个一般框架允许内部不动点及其稳定性的解析解。对于两个以上的物种，显然混沌动力学已被报道。在这里，我们表明，即使是两个物种，一旦两个以上的类型被认为是每个物种，在其频率的不规则动态可以观察到在长期运行。动力学的性质强烈依赖于系统的初始配置;通常的规则红皇后振荡只在参数区域的某些部分观察到。
英文摘要：
The interplay between parasites and their hosts is found in all kinds of species and plays an important role in understanding the principles of evolution and coevolution. Usually, the different genotypes of hosts and parasites oscillate in their abundances. The well-established theory of oscillatory Red Queen dynamics proposes an ongoing change in frequencies of the different types within each species. So far, it is unclear in which way Red Queen dynamics persists with more than two types of hosts and parasites. In our analysis, an arbitrary number of types within two species are examined in a deterministic framework with constant or changing population size. This general framework allows for analytical solutions for internal fixed points and their stability. For more than two species, apparently chaotic dynamics has been reported. Here we show that even for two species, once more than two types are considered per species, irregular dynamics in their frequencies can be observed in the long run. The nature of the dynamics depends strongly on the initial configuration of the system; the usual regular Red Queen oscillations are only observed in some parts of the parameter region.
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