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arXiv 1606.09428astro-ph.GA
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Herschel/HIFI对水及其伴生离子观测的星系核和盘电离率

The ionization rates of galactic nuclei and disks from Herschel/HIFI observations of water and its associated ions

Floris van der Tak, Axel Weiss, Lijie Liu, Rolf Guesten

摘要:

我们给出了H2O 1113 GHz和H2O+ 1115 GHz谱线的Herschel/HIFI谱,它们分别对应于5个邻近的原型星暴/活动星系核系统,OH+ 971 GHz谱线对应于其中3个系统。20”的光束尺寸对应于0.35和7 kpc之间的分辨率。观测到的谱线分布范围从纯吸收(NGC 4945,M82)到P-Cygni指示流出(NGC 253,Arp 220)和反P-Cygni指示流入(Cen A)。H2O,OH+,和H2O+的配置文件彼此和HI的相似性表明,扩散和致密的气相混合良好。我们估计柱密度假设可忽略不计的激发(吸收功能),并使用非LTE模型(发射功能),采用计算的碰撞数据为H2O和OH+,和粗略估计H2O+。每种物质的柱密度范围在~10^13 ~~10^15 cm^-2之间,吸收和发射分量之间的密度相似,这表明核区对这些基态谱线的发射贡献不大。1.4-5.6的N(H2O)/N(H2O+)比率表明扩散气体中的线的起源,并且1.6-3.1的N(OH+)/N(H2O+)比率表明气体中的低H2分数(~11%)。采用最近银河系的平均气体密度和电离效率值,我们发现样本星系的电离率约为3 × 10 ^-16 s^-1,与银盘的值相似,但比银心的电离率低约10倍,比活动星系核的激发态H3 O+谱线估计值低约100倍。我们的结论是,基态线的水和其相关的离子探针主要是非核气体在磁盘中的这些中央活跃的星系。因此,我们的数据提供了证据,从星系核到星系盘的电离率降低了约10倍,就像以前在银河系中发现的那样。

英文摘要:

(Abridged) We present Herschel/HIFI spectra of the H2O 1113 GHz and H2O+ 1115 GHz lines toward five nearby prototypical starburst/AGN systems, and OH+ 971 GHz spectra toward three of these. The beam size of 20" corresponds to resolutions between 0.35 and 7 kpc. The observed line profiles range from pure absorption (NGC 4945, M82) to P-Cygni indicating outflow (NGC 253, Arp 220) and inverse P-Cygni indicating infall (Cen A). The similarity of the H2O, OH+, and H2O+ profiles to each other and to HI indicates that diffuse and dense gas phases are well mixed. We estimate column densities assuming negligible excitation (for absorption features) and using a non-LTE model (for emission features), adopting calculated collision data for H2O and OH+, and rough estimates for H2O+. Column densities range from ~10^13 to ~10^15 cm^-2 for each species, and are similar between absorption and emission components, indicating that the nuclear region does not contribute much to the emission in these ground-state lines. The N(H2O)/N(H2O+) ratios of 1.4-5.6 indicate an origin of the lines in diffuse gas, and the N(OH+)/N(H2O+) ratios of 1.6-3.1 indicate a low H2 fraction (~11%) in the gas. Adopting recent Galactic values for the average gas density and the ionization efficiency, we find ionization rates for our sample galaxies of ~3x10^-16 s^-1 which are similar to the value for the Galactic disk, but ~10x below that of the Galactic Center and ~100x below estimates for AGN from excited-state H3O+ lines. We conclude that the ground-state lines of water and its associated ions probe primarily non-nuclear gas in the disks of these centrally active galaxies. Our data thus provide evidence for a decrease in ionization rate by a factor of ~10 from the nuclei to the disks of galaxies, as found before for the Milky Way.

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