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arXiv 1606.05352astro-ph.GA
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可以(重新电离宇宙)的小星系:预测z > 4时的微弱终点斜率和逃逸分数

The Little Galaxies that Could (Reionize the Universe): Predicting Faint End Slopes & Escape Fractions at z > 4

Lauren Anderson, Fabio Governato, Michael Karcher, Tom Quinn, James Wadsley

摘要:

使宇宙再电离的来源仍然未知,但可能的候选者是微弱但数量众多的星系。在本文中,我们提出了从运行一个高分辨率,统一的体积模拟,火神,预测无法检测的,暗淡的星系和电离辐射,$f_\mathrm{esc}$,在再电离逃逸分数的数量密度的结果。我们的方法结合了高空间分辨率,反馈和水文过程的现实治疗,每个星系的分辨率元素的最小数量的严格阈值,和收敛的测量$f_\mathrm{esc}$。我们使用一种新的方法来校准我们的物理模型,以在z=0时创建真实的星系,因此模拟在高红移时具有预测性。用这种方法,我们可以(1)在$M_\mathrm{UV}$ ~-15(比观测值弱两个星等)的微弱星等下,稳健地预测星系UV光度函数的演化;(2)根据解析星系中恒星和气体的详细分布,估算大范围星系质量的$f_\mathrm{esc}$。我们发现陡峭的暗弱端斜率,这意味着暗弱星系的高数密度,以及$f_\mathrm{esc}$对星系的UV星等的依赖性,由幂律:log $f_\mathrm{esc} = (0.51 \pm 0.04)M_\mathrm{UV} + 7.3 \pm 0.8$给出,暗弱的人口有$f_\mathrm{esc}$ ~ 35%。将UV光度函数与$f_\mathrm{esc}$($M_\mathrm{UV}$)进行卷积,我们发现电离辐射率(1)由最暗的星系主导,(2)以适当的速率再电离宇宙,与电离辐射率和到去耦表面的光学深度τ_es的观测约束一致,而不需要额外的电离辐射源。

英文摘要:

The sources that reionized the universe are still unknown, but likely candidates are faint but numerous galaxies. In this paper we present results from running a high resolution, uniform volume simulation, the Vulcan, to predict the number densities of undetectable, faint galaxies and their escape fractions of ionizing radiation, $f_\mathrm{esc}$, during reionization. Our approach combines a high spatial resolution, a realistic treatment of feedback and hydro processes, a strict threshold for minimum number of resolution elements per galaxy, and a converged measurement of $f_\mathrm{esc}$. We calibrate our physical model using a novel approach to create realistic galaxies at z=0, so the simulation is predictive at high redshifts. With this approach we can (1) robustly predict the evolution of the galaxy UV luminosity function at faint magnitudes down to $M_\mathrm{UV}$~-15, two magnitudes fainter than observations, and (2) estimate $f_\mathrm{esc}$ over a large range of galaxy masses based on the detailed stellar and gas distributions in resolved galaxies. We find steep faint end slopes, implying high number densities of faint galaxies, and the dependence of $f_\mathrm{esc}$ on the UV magnitude of a galaxy, given by the power-law: log $f_\mathrm{esc} = (0.51 \pm 0.04)M_\mathrm{UV} + 7.3 \pm 0.8$, with the faint population having $f_\mathrm{esc}$~35%. Convolving the UV luminosity function with $f_\mathrm{esc}$($M_\mathrm{UV}$), we find an ionizing emissivity that is (1) dominated by the faintest galaxies and (2) reionizes the universe at the appropriate rate, consistent with observational constraints of the ionizing emissivity and the optical depth to the decoupling surface tau_es, without the need for additional sources of ionizing radiation.

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