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arXiv 1604.05641astro-ph.SR
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Mira($o$ Ceti)尘埃成核的观测研究:I. AlO等含铝矿物的变化特征

An observational study of dust nucleation in Mira ($o$ Ceti): I. Variable features of AlO and other Al-bearing species

T. Kamiński, K. T. Wong, M. R. Schmidt, H. S. P. Müller, C. A. Gottlieb, I. Cherchneff, K. M. Menten, D. Keller, S. Brünken, J. M. Winters, N. A. Patel

摘要:

尘埃是由冷巨星有效地产生的,但无机尘埃的凝结却知之甚少。目的:确定并描述Mira(鲸鱼座$o$)星周气体中含铝物质的特征,以阐明它们在Al $_2$ O $_3$尘埃产生中的作用。研究方法:在(亚)毫米、远红外和光学波长下的多历元谱线观测,包括:用ALMA探测恒星附近~30 mas处的气体分布的地图; 2013-2015年用ALMA、APEX和Herschel进行的观测,用于研究含铝分子旋转线的周期和周期间变化;光学记录早在1965年,以检查电子跃迁的变化,随着时间的推移,从几天到几十年;和速度测量和激发分析的光谱特征,约束的物理参数的气体。结果如下:三个双原子分子AlO,AlOH和AlH,和原子Al I是Mira中主要的可观察到的铝物种,尽管铝的重要部分可能存在于尚未确定的其他物种中。AlO(可能是Al $_2$ O $_3$的直接前体)的(亚)毫米和光学特征的强烈不规则变化表明激发条件发生了重大变化,或者可能与恒星中的冲击有关的丰度变化。AlO的不均匀分布可能影响沙尘产生的时空特征。结论:我们无法从气体中定量追踪铝的消耗,但丰富的观测材料限制了随时间变化的化学网络。未来的改进应包括更高的铝氧化物的光谱特性,协调观测的灰尘和气体物种在不同的可变阶段,以及工具,以获得丰富的冲击激发气体。

英文摘要:

Context: Dust is efficiently produced by cool giant stars, but the condensation of inorganic dust is poorly understood. Aims: Identify and characterize aluminum bearing species in the circumstellar gas of Mira ($o$ Ceti) in order to elucidate their role in the production of Al$_2$O$_3$ dust. Methods: Multiepoch spectral line observations at (sub-)millimeter, far-infrared, and optical wavelengths including: maps with ALMA which probe the gas distribution in the immediate vicinity of the star at ~30 mas; observations with ALMA, APEX, and Herschel in 2013-2015 for studying cycle and inter-cycle variability of the rotational lines of Al bearing molecules; optical records as far back as 1965 to examine variations in electronic transitions over time spans of days to decades; and velocity measurements and excitation analysis of the spectral features which constrain the physical parameters of the gas. Results: Three diatomic molecules AlO, AlOH, and AlH, and atomic Al I are the main observable aluminum species in Mira, although a significant fraction of aluminum might reside in other species that have not yet been identified. Strong irregular variability in the (sub-)millimeter and optical features of AlO (possibly the direct precursor of Al$_2$O$_3$) indicates substantial changes in the excitation conditions, or varying abundance that is likely related to shocks in the star. The inhomogeneous distribution of AlO might influence the spatial and temporal characteristics of dust production. Conclusions: We are unable to quantitatively trace aluminum depletion from the gas, but the rich observational material constrains time dependent chemical networks. Future improvements should include spectroscopic characterization of higher aluminum oxides, coordinated observations of dust and gas species at different variability phases, and tools to derive abundances in shock excited gas.

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