We use real measurements of the underwater channel to simulate a whole underwater RF wireless sensor networks, including propagation impairments (e.g., noise, interference), radio hardware (e.g., modulation scheme, bandwidth, transmit power), hardware limitations (e.g., clock drift, transmission buffer) and complete MAC and routing protocols. The results should be useful for designing centralized and distributed algorithms for applications like monitoring, event detection, localization and aid to navigation. We also explain the changes that have to be done to Castalia in order to perform the simulations.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have recently gained a great deal of attention as a topic of research, with a wide range of applications being explored such as communicating materials. Data dissemination and storage are very important issues for sensor networks. The problem of designing data dissemination protocols for communicating material needs different analyses related to storage density and uniformity which has not been addressed sufficiently in the literature. This paper details storage protocol on the material by systematic dissemination through integrated wireless micro-sensors nodes. …
Underwater wireless optical communications is an emerging solution to the expanding demand for broadband links in oceans and seas. In this paper, a cellular underwater wireless optical code division multiple-access (UW-OCDMA) network is proposed to provide broadband links for commercial and military applications. The optical orthogonal codes (OOC) are employed as signature codes of underwater mobile users. Fundamental key aspects of the network such as its backhaul architecture, its potential applications and its design challenges are presented. In particular, the proposed network is used as i…
Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radio frequency (RF), and optical waves. Compared to its bandwidth limited acoustic and RF counterparts, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) can support higher data rates at low latency levels. However, severe aquatic channel conditions (e.g., absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) pose great challenges for UOWCs and significantly reduce the attainable communication ranges, which necessitates efficient networking and localization solutions. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the challenges, a…
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN), similar to the terrestrial sensor networks, have different challenges such as limited bandwidth, low battery power, defective underwater channels, and high variable propagation delay. A crucial problem in UWSN is finding an efficient route between a source and a destination. Consequently, great efforts have been made for designing efficient protocols while considering the unique characteristics of underwater communication. Several routing protocols are proposed for this issue and can be classified into geographic and non-geographic routing protocols.…
This paper will focus on the energy efficiency issue in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In underwater environment, the two main issues are namely: reliability and energy efficiency. These two issues are twisted pair. Reliability requires error correction, and error-correction requires energy. More reliability tends to imply higher energy consumption, causing difficulty in applications that require nodes to be operated underwater for long periods of time without batteries recharging, and in aquatic environments that render hard the task of recharging or replacing batteries. Appropriate str…
Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is becoming an attractive technology for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) since it offers high-speed communication links. Although UOWC overcomes the drawbacks of acoustic and radio frequency communication channels such as high latency and low data rate, yet, it has its own limitations. One of the major limitations of UOWC is its limited transmission range which demands to develop a multi-hop network with efficient routing protocols. Currently, the routing protocols for UOWSNs are centralized having high complexity and large end-to-en…
Wireless sensor networks have profound effects on many application fields like security management which need an immediate and fast system reaction. Indeed, the monitoring of a dangerous product warehouse is a major issue in chemical industry field. This paper describes the design of chemical warehouse security system using the concept of active products and wireless sensor networks. A security application layer is developed to supervise and exchange messages between nodes and the control center to prevent industrial accident. Different security rules are proposed on this layer to monitor the …
Underwater optical wireless links have limited range and intermittent connectivity due to the hostile aquatic channel impairments and misalignment between the optical transceivers. Therefore, multi-hop communication can expand the communication range, enhance network connectivity, and provide a more precise network localization scheme. In this regard, this paper investigates the connectivity of underwater optical wireless sensor networks (UOWSNs) and its impacts on the network localization performance. Firstly, we model UOWSNs as randomly scaled sector graphs where the connection between senso…
In some underwater sensor networks, sensor nodes may be deployed at various depths of an ocean making those networks three-dimensional (3D). While most terrestrial sensor networks can usually be modeled as two dimensional (2D) networks, these underwater sensor networks must be modeled as 3D networks. This leads to new research challenges in the area of network architecture and topology. In this paper, we present two different network architectures for 3D underwater sensor networks. The first one is a hierarchical architecture that uses a relatively small number of robust backbone nodes to crea…
Localization in wireless sensor networks not only provides a node with its geographical location but also a basic requirement for other applications such as geographical routing. Although a rich literature is available for localization in static WSN, not enough work is done for mobile WSNs, owing to the complexity due to node mobility. Most of the existing techniques for localization in mobile WSNs uses Monte-Carlo localization, which is not only time-consuming but also memory intensive. They, consider either the unknown nodes or anchor nodes to be static. In this paper, we propose a technique…
Localization accuracy is of paramount importance for the proper operation of underwater optical wireless sensor networks (UOWSNs). However, underwater localization is prone to hostile environmental impediments such as drifts due to the surface and deep currents. These cause uncertainty in the deployed anchor node positions and pose daunting challenges to achieve accurate location estimations. Therefore, this paper analyzes the performance of three-dimensional (3D) localization for UOWSNs and derive a closed-form expression for the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) by using time of arrival (ToA) an…
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks due to peculiar characteristics of low bandwidth, high latency, limited energy, node float mobility and high error probability. These features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. Several routing protocols have been developed in recent years for these networks. One of the major difficulties in comparison and validation of the performance of these proposals is the lack of a common standard to model the acoustic propagation in the harsh underwater environment. In this paper …
Optical wireless communication is a promising technology for underwater broadband access networks, which are particularly important for high-resolution environmental monitoring applications. This paper focuses on a deep sea monitoring system, where an underwater optical wireless network is deployed on the seafloor. We model such an optical wireless network as a general queueing network and formulate an optimal relay placement problem, whose objective is to maximize the stability region of the whole system, i.e., the supremum of the traffic volume that the network is capable of accommodating. T…
The design of sensors or "things" as part of the new Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) paradigm comes with multiple challenges including limited battery capacity, not polluting the water body, and the ability to track continuously phenomena with high temporal/spatial variability. We claim that traditional digital sensors are incapable to meet these demands because of their high power consumption, high complexity (cost), and the use of non-biodegradable materials. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel architecture consisting of a sensing substrate of dense analog biodegradable…
Underwater communication is a challenging topic due to its singular channel characteristics. Most protocols used in terrestrial wireless communication can not be directly applied in the underwater world. In this paper, we focus on the issue of energy efficient transmission in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) and analyze this problem in a rigorous and theoretical way. We formalize an optimization problem which aims to minimize energy consumption and simultaneously accounts for other performance metrics such as the data reliability and the communication delay. With the help of Karush-Kuhn-Tuck…
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are often used for environmental and industrial sensing in undersea/ocean space, therefore, these networks are also named underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater sensor networks are different from other sensor networks due to the acoustic channel used in their physical layer, thus we should discuss about the specific features of these underwater networks such as acoustic channel modeling and protocol design for different layers of open system interconnection (OSI) model. Each node of these networks as a sensor needs to exchange data w…
In dense underwater sensor networks (UWSN), the major confronts are high error probability, incessant variation in topology of sensor nodes, and much energy consumption for data transmission. However, there are some remarkable applications of UWSN such as management of seabed and oil reservoirs, exploration of deep sea situation and prevention of aqueous disasters. In order to accomplish these applications, ignorance of the limitations of acoustic communications such as high delay and low bandwidth is not feasible. In this paper, we propose Adaptive mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optim…
Security aspects in underwater wireless networks have not been widely investigated so far, despite the critical importance of the scenarios in which these networks can be employed. For example, an attack to a military underwater network for enemy targeting or identification can lead to serious consequences. Similarly, environmental monitoring applications such as tsunami prevention are also critical from a public safety point of view. In this work, we assess a scenario in which a malicious node tries to perform a jamming attack, degrading the communication quality of battery-powered underwater…
Under the advocacy of the international community, more and more research topics have been built around the ocean. This paper proposed an implementation scheme of marine wireless sensor network monitoring system based on LoRa and MQTT. Different from the traditional network architecture, the system was constructed by combining with two network forms, and according to their respective characteristics, the overall design followed the transition from LoRa to MQTT. We first used LoRa to interconnect the sensor nodes with the gateway, and on this basis, the collected data was sent to the server vis…
Pressure and temperature profile are key data for safe production in oil and gas wells. In this paper, a bucket-brigade inspired sensor network protocol is proposed which can be used to extract sensed data profile from the nanoscale up to kilometer long structures. The PHY/MAC layers are discussed. This protocol is best suited for low data rate exchanges in small fixed-size packets, named buckets, transmitted as time-domain bursts among high-precision smart sensors deployed as a queue. There is only one coordinator, which is not directly accessible by most of the sensor nodes. The coordinator …
