The bipolar-hyper shell (BHS) model for the North Polar Spurs (NPS-E, -W, and Loop I) and counter southern spurs (SPS-E and -W) is revisited based on numerical hydrodynamical simulations. Propagations of shock waves produced by energetic explosive events in the Galactic Center are examined. Distributions of soft X-ray brightness on the sky at 0.25, 0.7, and 1.5 keV in a +/-50 deg x +/-50 deg region around the Galactic Center are modeled by thermal emission from high-temperature plasma in the shock-compressed shell considering shadowing by the interstellar HI and H2 gases. The result is compared with the ROSAT wide field X-ray images in R2, 4 and 6 bands. The NPS and southern spurs are well reproduced by the simulation as shadowed dumbbell-shaped shock waves. We discuss the origin and energetics of the event in relation to the starburst and/or AGN activities in the Galactic Center. [ High resolution pdf is available at http://www.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~sofue/htdocs/2016bhs/ ]
On the distance to the North Polar Spur and the local CO-H2 factor
大多数模型都将X射线明亮的北极支线(NXP)与位于$\simeq$ 130 pc的Sco-Cen恒星形成区的热星际(IS)气泡区分开来。另一种相反的观点则认为,银河系外星系是一个与银河系核外流有关的遥远结构。通过比较从X射线吸收推断的前景IS气柱与沿着视线的气体和尘埃的分布,可以获得对散射距离的限制。朝向遮蔽分子云的吸收柱同时约束CO-H $_{2}$转换因子。我们从专门的XMM-牛顿观测的光谱拟合中推导出了X射线吸收物质NH(abs)的列,它们朝向南极洲的南端(l=29°,b=+5至+11°)。IS物质分布是从恒星光谱中的吸收线、3D尘埃图和发射数据中获得的,包括为此目的记录的高空间分辨率CO测量。19个视野的NH(绝对值)在$\simeq$ 4.3至$\simeq$ 1.3 x 10 $^{21}$ cm $^{-2}$之间变化。X射线亮度、吸收柱和硬度比之间的关系表明,随着纬度的增加,吸收柱的亮度降低。通过与吸收数据、局部和大尺度尘埃图的比较,排除了一个比300 pc更近的近距离尘埃。从300秒差距到4千秒差距,NH(abs)和红化之间的相关性随着视线长度的增加而增加,并且与基于普朗克$τ_{353}$的红化最紧密,表明距离要大得多。N(H)/E(B-V)$\simeq$ 4.1 x 10 $^{21}$ cm $^{-2}$ mag $^{-1}$。NH(abs)绝对值与-…
Discovery of non-equilibrium ionization plasma associated with the North Polar Spur and Loop I
我们使用存档的$Suzaku$数据研究了北极支线(NORTH)/Loop I的详细等离子体条件。在以前的研究中,碰撞电离平衡(CIE)被假定为X射线等离子体状态,但我们也假设非平衡电离(NEI),以检查等离子体条件更详细。我们发现,大部分等离子体处于NEI态,其密度加权电离时标为$n_e t\sim10^{11-12}$ s cm $^{-3}$,电子数密度$n_e\sim$为几个$\times$ 10 $^{-3}$ cm $^{-3}$ .等离子体冲击年龄,$t$,或者冲击波阵面通过等离子体后所经过的时间,估计是在几个$\rm{Myr}$的数量级上,对于环/环I,这对整个环/环I结构的年龄提出了严格的下限。我们发现,NEI的结果显着更高的温度和更低的排放量比目前得出的CIE假设。NEI下的电子温度估计高达0.5 keV,朝向$Δθ=-20^\circ$处最亮的X射线脊,在$-10^\circ$处降低到0.3 keV,在$Δθ\sim0^\circ$处朝向环I的外缘再次增加到$\sim 0.6$ keV,大约是目前估计温度的两倍。在这里,$Δθ$是到环路I的外边缘的角距离。讨论了引入NEI对天体物理现象中等离子体态研究的意义。
Thermal Structure and Chemical Enrichment of the North and South Polar Spurs: Supersolar N/O and Ne/O in the X-ray Plasma
Columbus State Community College(哥伦布州立社区学院);The Ohio State University(俄亥俄州立大学);Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics(宇宙学与高能粒子物理中心);University of Miami(迈阿密大学);Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University(斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理学与宇宙学研究所);Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico(墨西哥国立自治大学天文学研究所)