Adel P. Kazemi, Behnaz Pahlavsay
Let $G$ be a graph with minimum degree at least 2. A set $D\subseteq V$ is a double total dominating set of $G$ if each vertex is adjacent to at least two vertices in $D$. The double total domination number $γ_{\times 2,t}(G)$ of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a double total dominating set of $G$. In this paper, we will find double total domination number of Harary graphs.
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We study the Nordhaus-Gaddum type results for $(k-1,k,j)$ and $k$-domination numbers of a graph $G$ and investigate these bounds for the $k$-limited packing and $k$-total limited packing numbers in graphs. As the special case $(k-1,k,j)=(1,2,0)$ we give an upper bound on $dd(G)+dd(\overline{G})$ stronger than that presented by Harary and Haynes (1996). Moreover, we establish upper bounds on the sum and product of packing and open packing numbers and characterize all graphs attaining these bounds.
Given a graph property $\mathcal{P}$, F. Harary introduced in 1985 $\mathcal{P}$-colorings, graph colorings where each colorclass induces a graph in $\mathcal{P}$. Let $χ_{\mathcal{P}}(G;k)$ counts the number of $\mathcal{P}$-colorings of $G$ with at most $k$ colors. It turns out that $χ_{\mathcal{P}}(G;k)$ is a polynomial in $\mathbb{Z}[k]$ for each graph $G$. Graph polynomials of this form are called Harary polynomials. In this paper we investigate properties of Harary polynomials and compare them with properties of the classical chromatic polynomial $χ(G;k)$. We show that the characteristic…
Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ be disjoint copies of a graph $G$, and let $f: V(G_1) \rightarrow V(G_2)$ be a function. Then a \emph{functigraph} $C(G, f)=(V, E)$ has the vertex set $V=V(G_1) \cup V(G_2)$ and the edge set $E=E(G_1) \cup E(G_2) \cup \{uv \mid u \in V(G_1), v \in V(G_2), v=f(u)\}$. A functigraph is a generalization of a \emph{permutation graph} (also known as a \emph{generalized prism}) in the sense of Chartrand and Harary. In this paper, we study domination in functigraphs. Let $γ(G)$ denote the domination number of $G$. It is readily seen that $γ(G) \le γ(C(G,f)) \le 2 γ(G)$. We investig…
In this paper, we study the double Roman domination number of generalized Sierpiński graphs $S(G,t)$. More precisely, we obtain a bound for the double Roman domination number of $S(G, t)$. We also find the exact value of $γ_{dR}(S(K_{n}, 2))$.
A subset $S$ of vertices of a digraph $D$ is a double dominating set (total $2$-dominating set) if every vertex not in $S$ is adjacent from at least two vertices in $S$, and every vertex in $S$ is adjacent from at least one vertex in $S$ (the subdigraph induced by $S$ has no isolated vertices). The double domination number (total $2$-domination number) of a digraph $D$ is the minimum cardinality of a double dominating set (total $2$-dominating set) in $D$. In this work, we investigate these concepts which can be considered as two extensions of double domination in graphs to digraphs, along wit…
Recently, Haynes, Hedetniemi and Henning published the book Topics in Domination in Graphs, which comprises 16 contributions that present advanced topics in graph domination, featuring open problems, modern techniques, and recent results. One of these contributions is the chapter Multiple Domination, by Hansberg and Volkmann, where they put into context all relevant research results on multiple domination that have been found up to 2020. In this note, we show how to improve some results on double domination that are included in the book.
In a graph $G$, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbours. A subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ is said to be a double dominating set of $G$ if $S$ dominates every vertex of $G$ at least twice. The minimum cardinality among all double dominating sets of $G$ is the double domination number. In this article, we obtain tight bounds and closed formulas for the double domination number of lexicographic product graphs $G\circ H$ in terms of invariants of the factor graphs $G$ and $H$.
Exact double domination in subdivision, Mycielskian and middle graphs
本文研究任意图在细分图、Mycielskian 图及中间图及其补图中精确双重支配集的存在性判定问题。
For a graph G=(V,E), a restrained double Roman dominating function is a function f:V\rightarrow\{0,1,2,3\} having the property that if f(v)=0, then the vertex v must have at least two neighbors assigned 2 under f or one neighbor w with f(w)=3, and if f(v)=1, then the vertex v must have at least one neighbor w with f(w)\geq2, and at the same time, the subgraph G[V_0] which includes vertices with zero labels has no isolated vertex. The weight of a restrained double Roman dominating function f is the sum f(V)=\sum_{v\in V}f(v), and the minimum weight of a restrained double Roman dominating functi…
A vertex subset $S$ of a graph $G$ is a double dominating set of $G$ if $|N[v]\cap S|\geq 2$ for each vertex $v$ of $G$, where $N[v]$ is the set of the vertex $v$ and vertices adjacent to $v$. The double domination number of $G$, denoted by $γ_{\times 2}(G)$, is the cardinality of a smallest double dominating set of $G$. A graph $G$ is said to be double domination edge critical if $γ_{\times 2}(G+e)<γ_{\times 2}(G)$ for any edge $e \notin E$. A double domination edge critical graph $G$ with $γ_{\times 2}(G)=k$ is called $k$-$γ_{\times 2}(G)$-critical. A graph $G$ is $r$-factor-critical if $G-S…
Double Italian domination in trees
本文研究树上双重意大利 domination 数，发现其与双重罗马 domination 数不同，并给出了非平凡树的精确界及达到该界的树特征。
Given a graph $G=(V,E)$, a function $f:V\rightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$ having the property that if $f(v)=0$, then there exist $ v_{1},v_{2}\in N(v)$ such that $f(v_{1})=f(v_{2})=2$ or there exists $ w \in N(v)$ such that $f(w)=3$, and if $f(v)=1$, then there exists $ w \in N(v)$ such that $f(w)\geq 2$ is called a double Roman dominating function (DRDF). The weight of a DRDF $f$ is the sum $f(V)=\sum_{v\in V}f(v)$. The double Roman domination number, $γ_{dR}(G)$, is the minimum among the weights of DRDFs on $G$. In this paper, we study the impact of some graph operations, such as cartesian product, a…
An independent double Roman dominating function (IDRDF) on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a function $f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$ having the property that if $f(v)=0$, then the vertex $v$ has at least two neighbors assigned $2$ under $f$ or one neighbor $w$ with assigned $3$ under $f$, and if $f(v)=1$, then there exists $w\in N(v)$ with $f(w)\geq2$ such that the positive weight vertices are independent. The weight of an IDRDF is the value $\sum_{u\in V}f(u)$. The independent double Roman domination number $i_{dR}(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum weight of an IDRDF on G. We initiate the study of the …
In a graph $G$, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbors. A subset $D \subseteq V(G)$ is a double dominating set of $G$ if $D$ dominates every vertex of $G$ at least twice. A signed graph $Σ= (G,σ)$ is a graph $G$ together with an assignment $σ$ of positive or negative signs to all its edges. A cycle in a signed graph is positive if the product of its edge signs is positive. A signed graph is balanced if all its cycles are positive. A subset $D \subseteq V(Σ)$ is a double dominating set of $Σ$ if it satisfies the following conditions: (i) $D$ is a double dominating set of $G$, and (ii) $Σ[D…
In a graph $G$, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbors. A subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ is said to be a double dominating set of $G$ if $S$ dominates every vertex of $G$ at least twice. The double domination number $γ_{\times 2}(G)$ is the minimum cardinality of a double dominating set of $G$. We show that if $G$ is a maximal outerplanar graph on $n\geq 3$ vertices, then $γ_{\times 2}(G)\leq \lfloor \frac{2n}{3}\rfloor$. Further, if $n\geq 4$, then $γ_{\times 2}(G)\leq \min \{\lfloor \frac{n+t}{2}\rfloor, n-t\}$, where $t$ is the number of vertices of degree $2$ in $G$. These bounds are shown …
In a graph G, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbors. A subset S of V is called a dominating set in G if every vertex in V is dominated by at least one vertex in S. The domination number gamma G is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set. A set S subset V is called a double dominating set of a graph G if every vertex in V is dominated by at least two vertices in S. The minimum cardinality of a double dominating set is called double domination number of G. In a graph G, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbors. A subset S of V is called a dominating set in G if every vertex in V is …
Let $G=(V(G),E(G))$ be a simple graph. A restrained double Roman dominating function (RDRD-function) of $G$ is a function $f: V(G) \rightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$ satisfying the following properties: if $f(v)=0$, then the vertex $v$ has at least two neighbours assigned 2 under $f$ or one neighbour $u$ with $f(u)=3$; and if $f(v)=1$, then the vertex $v$ must have one neighbor $u$ with $f(u) \geq 2$; the induced graph by vertices assigned 0 under $f$ contains no isolated vertex. The weight of a RDRD-function $f$ is the sum $f(V)=\sum_{v \in V(G)} f(v)$, and the minimum weight of a RDRD-function on $G$ …
Grundy double domination number: bounds, graph operations, and efficient computation for $P_4$-tidy graphs
本文研究了 Grundy 双控制数（GDDN），建立了其一般紧致界，刻画了删点图与联图的双控制序列，并证明了在 $P_4$-tidy 图上计算 GDDN 是线性的，解决了先前针对 cographs 提出的开放问题。
Upper bounds for double Roman domination and $[k]$-Roman domination of cylindrical graphs $C_m \Box P_n$
本文研究了柱形图C_m□P_n的[k]-罗马 domination 数，通过线性周期构造、均匀天花板型标记和基于打包的改进三种方法，推导出新的上界，并比较了不同参数k下的效率。
Bounds for (strong) Roman $k$-dominations
本文研究了连通图的罗马k-支配和强罗马k-支配数的精确上界，统一并扩展了k=2和k=3时的已有结果，并精确刻画了达到这些上界的图。
Let $G$ be a graph and let $S\subseteq V(G)$. The set $S$ is a double outer-independent dominating set of $G$ if $|N[v]\cap D|\geq2$, for all $v\in V(G)$, and $V(G)\setminus S$ is independent. Similarly, $S$ is a $2$-outer-independent dominating set, if every vertex from $V(G)\setminus S$ has at least two neighbors in $S$ and $V(G)\setminus S$ is independent. Finally, $S$ is a total outer-independent dominating set if every vertex from $V(G)$ has a neighbor in $S$ and the complement of $S$ is an independent set. The double, total or $2$-outer-independent domination number of $G$ is the smalles…
Different types of domination on the Sierpiński graphs S(K_n,t) will be studied in this paper. More precisely, we propose a minimal dominating set for S(K_n,t) so that the exact values of their domination numbers, Roman domination numbers, and double Roman domination numbers are given. As applications, some previous bounds and results are confirmed to be tight and further generalized.
In this paper, we study the domination number of middle graphs. Indeed, we obtain tight bounds for this number in terms of the order of the graph. We also compute the domination number of some families of graphs such as star graphs, double start graphs, path graphs, cycle graphs, wheel graphs, complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs and friendship graphs, explicitly. Moreover, some Nordhaus-Gaddum-like relations are presented for the domination number of middle graphs.
In 1982, Harary introduced the concept of Ramsey achievement game on graphs. Given a graph $F$ with no isolated vertices. Consider the following game played on the complete graph $K_n$ by two players Alice and Bob. First, Alice colors one of the edges of $K_n$ blue, then Bob colors a different edge red, and so on. The first player who can complete the formation of $F$ in his color is the winner. The minimum $n$ for which Alice has a winning strategy is the achievement number of $F$, denoted by $a(F)$. If we replace $K_n$ in the game by the completed bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$, we get the bipart…
An Upper Bound for the Double Domination Number in Maximal Outerplanar Graphs
研究最大外平面图的双支配数，证明其不超过(n+k)/2，其中k为外环上距离至少3的顶点对数，完善了前人未完成的证明。
Maximal double Roman domination in graphs
本文首次研究图中的极大双重罗马控制问题，证明了其在二分图、弦图和平面图上是NP完全的，但在有界团宽图上可线性求解，并给出了该控制数的参数关系、树的界限及路径与环的精确值。
Domination parameters with number 2: interrelations and algorithmic consequences
本文研究了图中与数字2相关的13种基本控制不变量，按三个标准分类并引入彩虹版本，主要贡献是给出了各不变量相互表示的精确上下界，并由此导出近似算法的复杂性结果。
Restrained condition on double Roman dominating functions
本文研究图的约束双罗马支配，证明其在平面图上NP难、在有界团宽图上线性可解，并建立参数界、树的下界及极值图刻画。
In this paper a relationship is established between the domination game and minimal edge cuts. It is proved that the game domination number of a connected graph can be bounded above in terms of the size of minimal edge cuts. In particular, if $C$ a minimum edge cut of a connected graph $G$, then $γ_g(G) \le γ_g(G\setminus C) + 2κ'(G)$. Double-Staller graphs are introduced in order to show that this upper bound can be attained for graphs with a bridge. The obtained results are used to extend the family of known traceable graphs whose game domination numbers are at most one-half their order. Alo…
A double star $S(n,m)$ is the graph obtained by joining the center of a star with $n$ leaves to a center of a star with $m$ leaves by an edge. Let $r(S(n,m))$ denote the Ramsey number of the double star $S(n,m)$. In 1979 Grossman, Harary and Klawe have shown that $$r(S(n,m)) = \max\{n+2m+2,2n+2\}$$ for $3 \leq m \leq n\leq \sqrt{2}m$ and $3m \leq n$. They conjectured that equality holds for all $m,n \geq 3$. Using a flag algebra computation, we extend their result showing that $r(S(n,m))\leq n+ 2m + 2$ for $m \leq n \leq 1.699m$. On the other hand, we show that the conjecture fails for $\frac{…
Given a graph $G=(V,E)$, $f:V \rightarrow \{0,1,2 \}$ is the Italian dominating function of $G$ if $f$ satisfies $\sum_{u \in N(v)}f(u) \geq 2$ when $f(v)=0$. Denote $w(f)=\sum_{v \in V}f(v)$ as the weight of $f$. Let $V_i=\{v:f(v)=i\},i=0,1,2$, we call $f$ the independent Italian dominating function if $V_1 \cup V_2$ is an independent set. The independent Italian domination number of $G$ is the minimum weight of independent Italian dominating function $f$, denoted by $i_{I}(G)$. We equivalently transform the independent domination problem of the connected block graph $G$ to the induced indepe…
For a given graph $G=(V,E)$ and permutation $π:V\mapsto V$ the prism $πG$ of $G$ is defined as follows: $V(πG)=V(G)\cup V(G')$, where $G'$ is a copy of $G$, and $E(πG)=E(G)\cup E(G')\cup M_π$, where $M_π=\{uv': u\in V(G), v=π(u)\}$ and $v'$ denotes the copy of $v$ in $G'$. We study and compare the properties of convex and weakly convex dominating sets in prism graphs. In particular, we characterize prism $γ_{con}$-fixers and -doublers. We also show that the differences $γ_{wcon}(G)-γ_{wcon}(πG)$ and $γ_{wcon}(πG) - 2γ_{wcon}(G)$ can be arbitrarily large, and that the convex domination number o…
For a graph $G= (V,E)$, a double Roman dominating function (DRDF) is a function $f : V \to \{0,1,2,3\}$ having the property that if $f (v) = 0$, then vertex $v$ must have at least two neighbors assigned $2$ under $f$ or {at least} one neighbor $u$ with $f (u) = 3$, and if $f (v) = 1$, then vertex $v$ must have at least one neighbor $u$ with $f (u) \ge 2$. In this paper, we consider the double Roman domination problem, which is an optimization problem of finding the DRDF $f$ such that $\sum_{v\in V} f (v)$ is minimum. We propose {five integer linear programming (ILP) formulations and one mixed …
Signed double Roman domination on cubic graphs
本文研究三次图上的带符号双罗马支配问题，利用放电法证明紧下界并给出新上界，还通过约束规划引导证明确定广义 Petersen 图和 $2\times m$ 网格图的支配数。
$[k]$-Roman domination on cylindrical grids $C_m \Box P_n$
本文研究了圆柱形网格 $C_m \Box P_n$ 上的 $[k]$-罗马 domination 数，推导了上界并揭示了不同构造在不同参数下的主导范围。
For a graph $G=(V(G),E(G))$, an Italian dominating function (ID function) $f:V(G)\rightarrow\{0,1,2\}$ has the property that for every vertex $v\in V(G)$ with $f(v)=0$, either $v$ is adjacent to a vertex assigned $2$ under $f$ or $v$ is adjacent to least two vertices assigned $1$ under $f$. The weight of an ID function is $\sum_{v\in V(G)}f(v)$. The Italian domination number is the minimum weight taken over all ID functions of $G$. In this paper, we initiate the study of a variant of ID functions. A restrained Italian dominating function (RID function) $f$ of $G$ is an ID function of $G$ for w…
For any graph $G$ of order $n$ with degree sequence $d_{1}\geq\cdots\geq d_{n}$, we define the double Slater number $s\ell_{\times2}(G)$ as the smallest integer $t$ such that $t+d_{1}+\cdots+d_{t-e}\geq2n-p$ in which $e$ and $p$ are the number of end-vertices and penultimate vertices of $G$, respectively. We show that $γ_{\times2}(G)\geq s\ell_{\times2}(G)$, where $γ_{\times2}(G)$ is the well-known double domination number of a graph $G$ with no isolated vertices. We prove that the problem of deciding whether the equality holds for a given graph is NP-complete even when restricted to $4$-parti…
Paired Disjunctive Domination Number of Middle Graphs
研究中图的配对分歧支配数，分析其在不同图类中的表现及连接操作的影响，揭示其在转换图结构中的支配参数特性。
Roman-Type Domination on Convex and Chordal Bipartite Graphs: Algorithms and Hardness
研究凸二分图和弦二分图上四种罗马支配变体，为凸二分图开发统一动态规划框架，可\(O(n^6)\)时间计算相关参数，同时证明弦二分图上部分变体仍NP完全，明确两类图算法差异。
Young domination on Hamming rectangles
本文研究了在汉明矩形上的年轻支配问题，提出了一种基于Young图的生长规则，并设计了近似算法，解决了L=1时的支配数计算问题。
A new approach on locally checkable problems
本文提出一个新框架，扩展了有界树宽图局部可检查问题的已有结果，证明了双罗马支配和Grundy支配等问题可多项式时间求解，并利用固定幂图性质扩大了可解问题家族。
For a graph $G=(V,E)$, a double roman dominating function (DRDF) is a function $f : V \longrightarrow \{0, 1, 2,3\}$ having the property that if $f(v)=0$ for some vertex $v$, then $v$ has at least two neighbors assigned $2$ under $f$ or one neighbor $w$ with $f(w)=3$, and if $f(v)=1$ then $v$ has at least one neighbor $w$ with $f(w) \geq 2$. The weight of a DRDF $f$ is the sum $f (V) =\sum_{u\in V} f (u)$. The minimum weight of a DRDF on a graph $G$ is the double Roman domination number of $G$ and is denoted by $γ_{dR}(G)$. The double roman bondage number of $G$, denoted by $b_{dR}(G)$, is the…
Projective dimension of closed neighborhood hypergraphs via extended double covers
本文研究无孤立顶点图的闭邻域超图射影维数与扩展二部二重覆盖的正则性关系，证明一般上界，并在多类图上建立精确等式，方法结合覆盖、支配、匹配参数与同调工具。
On the boundary polynomial of a graph
本文引入图的边界多项式作为双变量生成函数，证明其代数编码支配数、罗马支配数、顶点连通性和微分等参数，并刻画了完全图、路、圈、轮、星等众多图类。
Four Dominion Growth Regimes in Trees: Forcing, Fibonacci Enumeration, Periodicity, and Stability
本文研究了树中支配集的增长模式，揭示了不同构造方式对支配集数量的影响，并证明了完全二叉树中支配域的周期性规律及稳定性边界。
Total coloring of regular graphs of girth = degree + 1
本文研究围长等于度数加1的正则图的高效全染色，构造了围长为4的三次图的高效全染色并提出四种基本运算猜想，同时给出若干非高效全染色实例及对3-路和3-星划分的应用。
Asymmetric results about graph homomorphisms
研究图同态非对称结果，探讨\(G\)和\(\Gamma\)假设不匹配时的情况，如给出特定条件下\(G\)同态于特定无三角形图的证明，还发现非对称近似同态定理中界的“双相变”，运用多种技术得出结论。
Total Roman bondage number of a graph
研究了图的总罗马 bondage 数，证明了其决策问题为 NP 完全，并给出了相关界限和精确值。
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