There are a wide variety of different vector formalisms currently utilized in engineering and physics. For example, Gibbs' three-vectors, Minkowski four-vectors, complex spinors in quantum mechanics, quaternions used to describe rigid body rotations and vectors defined in Clifford geometric algebra. With such a range of vector formalisms in use, it thus appears that there is as yet no general agreement on a vector formalism suitable for science as a whole. This is surprising, in that, one of the primary goals of nineteenth century science was to suitably describe vectors in three-dimensional space. This situation has also had the unfortunate consequence of fragmenting knowledge across many disciplines, and requiring a significant amount of time and effort in learning the various formalisms. We thus historically review the development of our various vector systems and conclude that Clifford's multivectors best fulfills the goal of describing vectorial quantities in three dimensions and providing a unified vector system for science.
Alternative Explanations of the Cosmic Microwave Background: A Historical and an Epistemological Perspective
我们回顾了对宇宙微波背景起源的各种非传统解释，并讨论了它们的价值，同时分析了它们被拒绝的动力学，以及相关的物理和方法论原因。事实证明，有许多这样的非正统解释;不仅是那些在完全拒绝相对论（“大爆炸”）范式的理论背景下发展起来的解释（例如，宇宙大爆炸理论），而且是那些在宇宙大爆炸理论背景下发展起来的解释。由阿尔芬，霍伊尔和纳利卡），但也有那些来自阵营的原始思想家牢牢扎根在相对论环境（例如，作者：Rees，Ellis，Rowan-Robinson，Layzer and Hively）。事实上，正统解释在其多阶段发展的30年中只是逐步战胜了替代解释。虽然总的来说，没有一个替代热大爆炸的场景是有说服力的今天，我们讨论建立正统和消除替代品在科学中的认识论的后果，一个问题，最近讨论的哲学家和历史学家的科学物理学的其他领域。最后，我们挑选出一些似是而非的和可能富有成效的想法提供的替代品。
Keplers's Equation and Angular Momentum: Historical Perspective, Critical Analysis and Implications for Development of the Orbital Mechanics/Dynamics, Mathematics and Physics
"Observations on the possible electromagnetic nature of nucleon interactions and pions" -- historical manuscript from 1969 by B. W. Ninham and C. Pask
Centre of Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp. z o. o.（ENSEMBLE3卓越中心有限责任公司）；Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw（华沙大学新技术中心化学与生物系统模拟实验室）；Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and CSGI University of Cagliari（卡利亚里大学化学与地质科学系及CSGI）
