电阻约翰逊噪声中的零点项和量子效应：一个重要的评价
Zero-point term and quantum effects in the Johnson noise of resistors: A critical appraisal
摘要：
关于电阻器的约翰逊噪声电压中的零点项存在长期的争论。这个术语起源于涨落耗散定理（FDT）的量子理论处理。对于相敏放大器，零点项是否真的存在，或者它只是一个实验假象，是由于不确定原理造成的？它可以通过理论的重整化来消除吗？我们讨论了一些历史的测量方案，不导致FDT预测的效果，我们分析了新的功能时出现的零点项的后果是通过平均能量和力的电容器分流电阻测量。如果这些测量验证了噪声中零点项的存在，那么就可以构造两种类型的永动机。用同样的方法进一步研究表明，在量子极限下，约翰逊-奈奎斯特公式在一般情况下也是无效的，即使它对电阻-天线系统是有效的。因此，我们得出结论，一个令人满意的约翰逊噪声量子理论，涨落耗散定理，必须作为最低限度，也包括测量系统用于评估所观察到的数量。有关零点项的问题也可能对先进纳米技术中的现象产生影响。
英文摘要：
There is a longstanding debate about the zero-point term in the Johnson noise voltage of a resistor. This term originates from a quantum-theoretical treatment of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem (FDT). Is the zero-point term really there, or is it only an experimental artefact, due to the uncertainty principle, for phase-sensitive amplifiers? Could it be removed by renormalization of theories? We discuss some historical measurement schemes that do not lead to the effect predicted by the FDT, and we analyse new features that emerge when the consequences of the zero-point term are measured via the mean energy and force in a capacitor shunting the resistor. If these measurements verify the existence of a zero-point term in the noise, then two types of perpetual motion machines can be constructed. Further investigation with the same approach shows that, in the quantum limit, the Johnson-Nyquist formula is also invalid under general conditions even though it is valid for a resistor-antenna system. Therefore we conclude that and a satisfactory quantum theory of the Johnson noise, the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, must, as a minimum, include also the measurement system used to evaluate the observed quantities. Issues concerning the zero-point term may also have implications for phenomena in advanced nanotechnology.
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