Abhijit Bhattacharyya, Sanjay K. Ghosh, Rajarshi Ray, Subhasis Samanta
We present a study of the effects of magnetic fields on fluctuations and correlations in hadron resonance gas model. We find significant changes in the fluctuations of net baryon number, electric charge and strangeness. This is also reflected in various fluctuation ratios along the freezeout curve.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
继续探索
The structure of the hadron resonances attracts much attention, in association with the recent observations of various exotic hadrons which do not fit well in the conventional picture. These findings urge us to consider various new configurations such as the multiquark states and the hadronic molecules. However, it is a subtle problem to define a proper classification scheme for the hadron structure, and the nonzero decay width of the hadron resonances makes the analysis complicated. In this paper, we summarize the recent developments in the studies of the structure of the hadron resonances, f…
Hadron resonance gas is not a good model for hadronic matter in a strong magnetic field
该研究针对强磁场下的强子物质，通过分析强子共振气体模型中粒子产额与电荷涨落，指出高自旋态描述缺陷及中性共振态受磁场影响的问题，说明该模型不适用于强磁场场景。
We discuss the interacting hadron resonance gas model to describe the thermodynamics of hadronic matter. While the attractive interaction between hadrons is taken care of by including all the resonances with zero width, the repulsive interactions are included by considering density-dependent mean field potentials. The bulk thermodynamic quantities are confronted with the lattice quantum chromodynamics simulation results at zero as well as at finite baryon chemical potential. We further estimate the shear and bulk viscosity coefficients of hot and dense hadronic matter within the ambit of this …
An overview of a hadron resonance gas (HRG) model that includes van der Waals interactions between hadrons is presented. Applications of the excluded volume HRG model to heavy-ion collision data and lattice QCD equation of state are discussed. A recently developed quantum van der Waals hadron resonance gas model is covered as well. Applications of this model in the context of the QCD critical point are elaborated.
We discuss the composite nature of hadrons appearing near the s-wave two-hadron threshold. Generalizing the Weinberg's weak-binding relation for stable bound states, we show that the compositeness of near-threshold resonances and quasi-bound states can be determined by observable quantities.
In this work we discuss a modified version of Excluded Volume Hadron Resonance Gas model and also study the effect of Lorentz contraction of the excluded volume on scaled pressure and susceptibilities of conserved charges. We find that the Lorentz contraction, coupled with the variety of excluded volume parameters reproduce the lattice QCD data quite satisfactorily.
We present, in the framework of the interacting hadron resonance gas, an evaluation of thermodynamical quantities. The interaction is modelled via a correction for the finite size of the hadrons. We investigate the sensitivity of the model calculations on the radius of the hadrons, which is a parameter of the model. Our calculations for thermodynamical quantities as energy and entropy densities and pressure are confronted with predictions using the lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) formalism.
Hagedorn states are the key to understand how all hadrons observed in high energy heavy ion collisions seem to reach thermal equilibrium so quickly. An assembly of Hagedorn states is formed in elementary hadronic or heavy ion collisions at hadronization. Microscopic simulations within the transport model UrQMD allow to study the time evolution of such a pure non-equilibrated Hagedorn state gas towards a thermally equilibrated Hadron Resonance Gas by using dynamics, which unlike strings, fully respect detailed balance. Propagation, repopulation, rescatterings and decays of Hagedorn states provi…
A detailed discussion of recent results obtained within the hadron resonance gas model with the multi-component hard core repulsion is presented. Among them there are the adiabatic chemical freeze-out criterion, the concept of separate chemical freeze-out of strange particles and the effects of enhancement and sharpening of wide resonances and quark gluon bags occurring in a thermal medium. These findings are discussed in order to strengthen the planned heavy-ion collision experimental programs at low collision energies. We argue, that due to found effects, at the center of mass collision ener…
The description of the production of light (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei in a hadron resonance gas, or statistical-thermal model approach, has proven to be rather successful, despite the fact that the binding energies of these compound objects are small compared to the emitting fireball temperature. We summarise some recent developments and findings in this approach.
Chiral quark models with Polyakov loop at finite temperature have been often used to describe the phase transition. We show how the transition to a hadron resonance gas is realized based on the quantum and local nature of the Polyakov loop.
Recent developments in hadron spectroscopy triggers the discussion on various exotic configurations beyond the simple three-quark state for baryons and quark-anti-quark pair for mesons. In particular, the states observed near a two-hadron threshold are often regarded as candidates of hadronic molecules, which are made of constituent hadrons and dynamically generated by the hadronic interactions. However, identification of the hadronic molecules involves several subtle difficulties which are often overlooked or underestimated. Here we summarize these subtleties and present a promising approach …
We have explored some phenomenological issues during calculations of transport coefficients for hadronic matter, produced in the experiments of heavy ion collisions. Here, we have used an ideal hadron resonance gas model to demonstrate the issues. On the basis of dissipation mechanism, the hadronic zoo is classified into resonance and non-resonance members, who participate in dissipation via strong decay and scattering channels respectively. Imposing our phenomenological restriction, we are able to provide a rough upper and lower bound estimations of transport coefficients. Interestingly, we f…
We present an effective model for the generic behaviour of hadron masses and phase shifts at finite temperature which shares basic features with recent developments within the PNJL model for correlations in quark matter. On this basis we obtain the transition between a hadron resonance gas phase and the quark gluon plasma in the spirit of the generalized Beth-Uhlenbeck approach where the Mott dissociation of hadrons is encoded in the hadronic phase shifts. Here we restrict ourselves to low-lying hadronic channels and perform a discussion of recent lattice QCD thermodynamics results from this p…
We investigate the effects of finite baryon chemical potential on the transport properties of a hadron resonance gas. We find that a hadron resonance gas with large baryon number density is closer to the ideal fluid limit than the corresponding gas with zero baryon number. This suggests that the system created at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at lower collision energies may behave as a fluid, with an effective fluidity close to the one found at RHIC's highest energy near phase transition. This might explain why the differential elliptic flow coefficient measured at lower collision…
The van der Waals interaction is implemented in a Hadron Resonance Gas model. It is shown that this model can describe Lattice QCD data of different thermodynamical quantities satisfactorily with the van der Waals parameters $a = 1250 \pm 150$ MeV fm$^3$ and $r = 0.7 \pm 0.05$ fm. Further, a phase transition is observed in this model with the critical point at temperature, $T = 62.1$ MeV and baryon chemical potential, $μ_B = 708$ MeV.
Charged particles $p_T$ spectra and elliptic flow in 0-60% Au+Au collisions at RHIC are analyzed in a hydrodynamic model with hot, hadronic resonance gas in the initial state. Physically conceivable hadronic resonance gas, thermalized in the time scale $τ_i$=1 fm, at a (central) temperature $T_i$=220 MeV, with viscosity to entropy ratio $η/s$=0.24, reasonably well explains $p_T$ spectra in all the collision centralities. Centrality dependence of elliptic flow however demands continual increase of viscosity to entropy ratio with centrality.
We analyze the sensitivity of thermal fits to heavy-ion hadron yield data of ALICE and NA49 collaborations to the systematic uncertainties in the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model related to the modeling of the eigenvolume interactions. We find a surprisingly large sensitivity in extraction of chemical freeze-out parameters to the assumptions regarding eigenvolumes of different hadrons. We additionally study the effect of including yields of light nuclei into the thermal fits to LHC data and find even larger sensitivity to the modeling of their eigenvolumes. The inclusion of light nuclei yields…
We show that if the hadronic resonance gas (HRG), with viscosity to entropy ratio $η/s\approx$0.24, is physical at temperature $T\approx$220 MeV, charged particles $p_T$ spectra and elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at RHIC, over a wide range of collision centrality do not distinguish between initial QGP fluid and initial hadronic resonance gas. Unambiguous identification of bulk of the matter produced in Au+Au collisions require clear demonstration that HRG is unphysical at temperature $T<$200 MeV. It calls for precise lattice simulations with realistic boundary conditions.
A unified equation of state for quark-hadron matter is presented in the generalized Beth-Uhlenbeck form. It follows from a $Φ-$derivable approach to the thermodynamic potential where the ansatz for the $Φ$ functional contains all 2PI diagrams at two-loop order formed with quark cluster Green's functions for quark, diquark, meson and baryon propagators. We present numerical results using an effective model for the generic behaviour of hadron masses and phase shifts at finite temperature which shares basic features with recent developments within the PNJL model for correlations in quark matter. …
Magnetic effects in the Hadron Resonance Gas
在HRG框架下研究有限磁场QCD强子相建模，指出质子数随磁场快速增加源于高自旋态描述不完善，并强调模型预测与Lattice QCD数据的定性比较需谨慎对待。
We study the equation of state (EoS) of the hot and dense hadron gas by incorporating the excluded volume corrections into the ideal hadron resonance gas model (HRG). The total hadron mass spectrum of the model is the sum of discrete mass spectrum consisting all the experimentally known hadrons and the exponentially rising continuous Hagedorn states. We confront the EoS of the model with lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) results at finite baryon chemical potential. We find that this modified HRG model reproduce the LQCD results up to T = 160 MeV at zero as well as finite baryon chemical po…
In this paper we discuss the interacting hadron resonance gas model in presence of a constant external magnetic field. The short range repulsive interaction between hadrons are accounted through van der Waals excluded volume correction to the ideal gas pressure. Here we take the sizes of hadrons as $r_π$ (pion radius) $= 0$ fm, $r_K$ (kaon radius) $= 0.35$ fm, $r_m$ (all other meson radii) $= 0.3$ fm and $r_b$ (baryon radii) $= 0.5$ fm. We analyse the effect of uniform background magnetic field on the thermodynamic properties of interacting hadron gas. We especially discuss the effect of inter…
The quantum van der Waals (QvdW) extension of the ideal hadron resonance gas (HRG) model which includes the attractive and repulsive interactions between baryons -- the QvdW-HRG model -- is applied to study the behavior of the baryon number related susceptibilities in the crossover temperature region. Inclusion of the QvdW interactions leads to a qualitatively different behavior of susceptibilities, in many cases resembling lattice QCD simulations. It is shown that for some observables, in particular for $χ_{11}^{BQ} / χ_2^B$, effects of the QvdW interactions essentially cancel out. It is foun…
We compare recent lattice results on fluctuations and correlations of strangeness, baryon number and electric charge obtained with p4 improved staggered action with the prediction of hadron resonance gas model. We show that hadron resonance gas can describe these fluctuations reasonably well if the hadron properties are as calculated on the lattice.
Eigenvolume effects in the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model are studied for experimental hadronic yields in nucleus-nucleus collisions. If particle eigenvolumes are different for different hadron species, the excluded volume HRG (EV-HRG) improves fits to multiplicity data. In particular, using different mass~-~volume relations for strange and non-strange hadrons we observe a remarkable improvement in the quality of the fits. This effect appears to be rather insensitive to other details in the schemes employed in the EV-HRG. We show that the parameters found from fitting the data of the ALICE C…
We develop a theoretical framework to quantify the structure of unstable hadron resonances. With the help of the corresponding system in a finite volume, we define the compositeness of resonance states which can be interpreted as a probability. This framework is used to study the structure of the scalar mesons f_0(980) and a_0(980). In both mesons, the Kbar K component dominates about a half of the wave function. The method is also applied to the Lambda(1405) resonance. We argue that a single energy level in finite volume represents the two eigenstates in infinite volume. The KbarK N component…
In this invited contribution I briefly review some of the principal topics in hadron spectroscopy that were studied at the CERN low-energy antiproton facility LEAR, from its beginnings in the early 1980s to the present. These topics include the nature of multiquark systems, the short-ranged nuclear force, and gluonic hadrons, including glueballs and hybrids. Lessons we have learned from the LEAR program that are relevant to the future GSI project are given particular emphasis.
In order to get a more realistic description of the hadron spectrum we extend a constituent-quark model by explicit mesonic degrees of freedom. The resulting system of constituent (anti)quarks, which are subject to an instantaneous confining force, and mesons, which couple directly to the quarks, is treated by means of a relativistic coupled-channel framework. It can be formally shown that the mass-eigenvalue problem for such a system is equivalent to a hadronic eigenvalue problem in which the eigenstates of the pure confinement potential (bare hadrons) are coupled via meson loops. Following t…
Exploring the multiplicity dependence of the flavor hierarchy for hadron productions in high energy pp collisions
本文利用AMPT模型结合PYTHIA8初始条件，系统研究了13 TeV质子-质子碰撞中从轻味到粲味强子产生的多重数依赖性，揭示了并合强子化过程导致的重子与介子比率的强味阶层效应，并指出高多重数事件中味相关粒子比率形状发生明显改变。
I discuss the deconfinement transition in 2+1 flavor QCD in terms of Polyakov loops as well as the hadron resonance gas for hadrons containing static quarks and charm quarks.
The Hadron-Resonance Gas (HRG) approach - used to model hadronic matter at small baryon potentials $μ_B$ and finite temperature $T$ - is extended to finite and large chemical potentials by introducing interactions between baryons in line with relativistic mean-field theory defining an interacting HRG (IHRG). Using lattice data for $μ_B=0$ as well as information on the nuclear equation of state at $T=0$ we constrain the attractive and repulsive interactions of the IHRG such that it reproduces the lattice equation of state at $μ_B=0$ and the nuclear equation of state at $T=0$ and finite $μ_B$. T…
Effect of Coriolis Force on Electrical Conductivity Tensor for Rotating Hadron Resonance Gas
本文利用强子共振气体模型和相对论玻尔兹曼输运方程，研究旋转强子物质中科里奥利力对电导率张量的影响，发现其可产生平行、垂直和霍尔三个各向异性分量，并在特定角速度和散射半径范围内呈现显著各向异性。
Different scenarios for modeling resonances in a thermal model description of hadron yields measured in heavy-ion collisions are explored: the zero-width approximation, the energy independent Breit-Wigner scheme, and the energy dependent Breit-Wigner (eBW) scheme. Application of the eBW scheme leads to a notable suppression in the proton yields, stemming mainly from a reduced feeddown from $Δ$ resonances because of the threshold effects. A significantly improved agreement of thermal model with hadron yields measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV by the ALICE collaboratio…
We estimate dissipative properties viz: shear and bulk viscosities of hadronic matter using relativistic Boltzmann equation in relaxation time approximation within ambit of excluded volume hadron resonance gas (EHRG) model. We find that at zero baryon chemical potential the shear viscosity to entropy ratio ($η/s$) decreases with temperature while at finite baryon chemical potential this ratio shows same behavior as a function of temperature but reaches close to Kovtun-Son-Starinets (KSS) bound. Further along chemical freezout curve, ratio $η/s$ is almost constant apart from small initial monot…
We present temperature ($T$) and baryonic chemical potential ($μ_B$) dependence of higher order fluctuations and correlation between conserved charges in Excluded Volume Hadron Resonance Gas (EVHRG) model. Products of moments, such as ratio of variance to mean ($σ^2/M)$, product of skewness and standard deviation ($Sσ$), product of kurtosis and variance ($κσ^2$), for net-proton, net-kaon and net-charge have been evaluated on the phenomenologically determined freeze-out curve. Further, products of moments for net-proton and net-charge have been compared with the experimental data measured by ST…
We simultaneously incorporate two common extensions of the hadron resonance gas model, namely the addition of extra, unconfirmed resonances to the particle list and the excluded volume repulsive interactions. We emphasize the complementary nature of these two extensions and identify combinations of conserved charge susceptibilities that allow to constrain them separately. In particular, ratios of second-order susceptibilities like $χ_{11}^{BQ}/χ_2^B$ and $χ_{11}^{BS}/χ_2^B$ are sensitive only to the baryon spectrum, while fourth-to-second order ratios like $χ_4^B/χ_2^B$, $χ_{31}^{BS}/χ_{11}^{B…
In this review we give a perspective of the theoretical work done recently on the interpretation of results from $B$, $D$, $Λ_b$, $Λ_c$ weak decays into final states that contain interacting hadrons, and how it is possible to obtain additional valuable information that is increasing our understanding of hadron interactions and the nature of many hadronic resonances. The novelty of these processes is that one begins with a clean picture at the quark level which allows one to select the basic mechanisms by means of which the process proceeds. Finally, one has a final state described in terms of …
The detection of neutrinos from massive stellar collapses can teach us a lot not only about source objects but also about microphysics working deep inside them. In this study we discuss quantitatively the possibility to extract information on the properties of dense and hot hadronic matter from neutrino signals coming out of black-hole-forming collapses of non-rotational massive stars. Based on our detailed numerical simulations we evaluate the event numbers for SuperKamiokande with neutrino oscillations being fully taken into account. We demonstrate that the event numbers from a Galactic even…
Following our previous proposal [1], we construct a class of good "lattice cross sections" (LCSs), from which we could study partonic structure of hadrons from ab initio lattice QCD calculations. These good LCSs, on the one hand, can be calculated directly in lattice QCD, and on the other hand, can be factorized into parton distribution functions (PDFs) with calculable coefficients, in the same way as QCD factorization for factorizable hadronic cross sections. PDFs could be extracted from QCD global analysis of the lattice QCD generated data of LCSs. We also show that proposed functions for la…
We suggest using the half-width rule to make an estimate of the 1/Nc errors in hadronic models containing resonances. We show simple consequences ranging from the analysis of meson Regge trajectories, the hadron resonance gas at finite temperature and generalized hadronic form factors.
We show that a measurement of the reaction energy dependence of relative hadron resonance yields in heavy ion collisions can be used to study the phase structure of the dense QCD matter created in these collisions, and investigate the origin of the trends observed in the excitation functions of certain soft hadronic observables. We show that presence of chemical nonequilibrium in light quark abundance imparts a characteristic signature on the energy dependence of resonance yields, that differs considerably from what is expected in the equilibrium picture.
We investigate net-proton fluctuations as important observables measured in heavy-ion collisions within the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model. Special emphasis is given to effects which are a priori not inherent in a thermally and chemically equilibrated HRG approach. In particular, we point out the importance of taking into account the successive regeneration and decay of resonances below the chemical freeze-out, which lead to a randomization of the isospin of nucleons and thus to additional fluctuations in the net-proton number. We find good agreement between our model results and the recent …
The knowledge of hadron spectrum is based on experimental observations of hadronic resonances. The resonances are normally observed as peaks in certain invariant mass distributions. However, neither is a peak necessarily due to the presence of a resonance, nor does a resonance necessarily lead to a peak. Kinematic singularities can also produce peaks. Here, we discuss such possibilities and methods distinguishing genuine resonances from kinematic effects.
We study the effect of charged secondaries coming from resonance decay on the net-baryon, net-charge and net-strangeness fluctuations in high energy heavy-ion collisions within the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model. We emphasize the importance of including weak decays along with other resonance decays in the HRG, while comparing with the experimental observables. The effect of kinematic cuts on resonances and primordial particles on the conserved number fluctuations are also studied. The HRG model calculations with the inclusion of resonance decays and kinematical cuts are compared with the rec…
We examine the stability of hadron resonance gas models by extending them to take care of undiscovered resonances through the Hagedorn formula. We find that the influence of unknown resonances on thermodynamics is large but bounded. Hadron resonance gases are internally consistent up to a temperature higher than the cross over temperature in QCD; but by examining quark number susceptibilities we find that their region of applicability seems to end even below the QCD cross over. We model the decays of resonances and investigate the ratios of particle yields in heavy-ion collisions. We find that…
We show that the study of scalar resonances at various vector boson scattering processes at the Large Hadron Collider can serve as a useful tool to distinguish between different extensions of the scalar sector of the Standard Model. The recent measurement of the Higgs boson properties leaves enough room for the extended scalar sectors to be relevant for such studies. The shape of the resonances, being model dependent, can shed light on the viable parameter space of a number of theoretical models.
Exploring new resonances with direct top flavor changing interactions
本文研究三种典型新物理共振，它们通过直接顶夸克味变换相互作用耦合到标准模型夸克，分析其SMEFT算符和现象学。
Possible decays of four-quark mesons are studied by assigning the newly observed BABAR resonance to a four-quark meson with C=S=I=1. It is expected that some of them can be observed as narrow resonances. Implication of existence of four-quark mesons in hadronic weak interactions is also discussed.
I investigate the sensitivity of future hadron colliders to di-jet resonances arising from Z' or coloron models. The projected discovery potential and exclusion limits for these resonances is presented in the coupling vs. mass plane, which highlights both the increased mass reach from higher energy machines as well as the improved coupling sensivity from larger luminosity.
The transversity distribution was recently extracted from deep-inelastic scattering processes producing hadron pairs in the final state. Together with a specific chiral-odd di-hadron fragmentation function, it is involved in the elementary mechanism that generates a transverse-spin asymmetry in the azimuthal distribution of the detected hadron pairs. The same elementary mechanism was predicted to generate an analogous asymmetry when the hadron pairs are produced in proton-proton collisions with one transversely polarized proton. Recently, the STAR Collaboration has observed this asymmetry. We …
Exploring the properties of the Hadronic Phase in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies via Partial Chemical Equilibrium
本研究利用部分化学平衡模型分析重离子碰撞中强子相的性质，通过拟合强子产率提取冻结温度，并揭示反物质湮灭过程在早期强子相中的作用。
We study the nonperturbative QCD vacuum with two light quarks at finite temperature in the framework of hadron resonance gas. Temperature dependence of the quark and gluon condensates in the confined phase are obtained. We demonstrate that the quark condensate and one half (chromo-electric component) of gluon condensate evaporate at the same temperature, which corresponds to the temperature of quark-hadron phase transition. Critical temperature is T_c~190 MeV when temperature shift of hadron masses is taken into account.
Exploring Optimal Transport for Event-Level Anomaly Detection at the Large Hadron Collider
针对大型强子对撞机事件级异常检测，探索将最优传输理论中的2-Wasserstein距离作为异常分数及可解释机器学习输入，分析底空间选择的影响，并讨论其在L1触发系统的实现可行性。
The nonleptonic two body decays $D\to PP$ and $D\to PV$ are investigated based on the diagrammatic decomposition in a generalized factorization formalism. It is shown that to fit the experimental data, the SU(3) flavor symmetry breaking effects of the coefficients $a_i$s should be considered in $D\to PP$ decay modes. In $D\to PV$ decays, the final state hadron structure due to the pseudoscalar and vector mesons has more important effects on the coefficients $a_i$s than the SU(3) symmetry breaking effects. It is found that the nonfactorizable contributions as well as that of the exchange and an…
A behavior of the nucleon structure functions in the resonance region is investigated. Expressions for resonance production form factors, dependent on photon virtuality $Q^2$, which have correct threshold behavior and take into account available data on resonance decays, are obtained. Contributions of resonances to nucleon structure functions are calculated. Obtained expressions are used to investigate the quark-hadron duality in the electron-nucleon scattering processes with the structure function $F_2$ as an example.
The Monte Carlo results in lattice QCD for the pressure and energy density at small temperature $T < 155$ MeV and zero baryonic chemical potential are analyzed within the hadron resonance gas model. Two extensions of the ideal hadron resonance gas are considered: the excluded volume model which describes a repulsion of hadrons at short distances and Hagedorn model with the exponential mass spectrum. Considering both of these models one by one we do not find the conclusive evidences in favor of any of them. The controversial results appear because of rather different sensitivities of the pressu…
Heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies provide extreme conditions of energy density and temperature to produce a deconfined state of quarks and gluons. Xenon (Xe) being a deformed nucleus further gives access to the effect of initial geometry on final state particle production. This study focuses on the effect of nuclear deformation and hadron cascade-time on the particle production and elliptic flow using A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model in Xe+Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV. We explore the effect of hadronic cascade-time on identified particle production thro…
We study the effect of temperature (T) and baryon density (μ) dependent hadron masses on the thermodynamics of hadronic matter. We use linear scaling rule in terms of constituent quark masses for all hadrons except for light mesons. T and μ dependent constituent quark masses and the light mesons masses are computed using 2+1 flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. We compute the thermodynamical quantities of hadronic matter within excluded volume hadron resonance gas model (EHRG) with these T and μ dependent hadron masses. We confront the thermodynamical quantities with the lattice quantum chro…
In this work we address the question of how well the chiral crossover transition can be understood in terms of a noninteracting hadron resonance gas model. Using the latest results on the variation of hadron masses as a function of the pion mass from lattice quantum chromodynamics, we study the temperature dependence of the renormalized chiral condensate in 2+1 flavor QCD. Furthermore, we suggest a better criterion to estimate of the pseudocritical temperature, which gives $T_c = 161.2 \pm 1.7$ MeV, which is much improved compared to all the earlier results within the hadron resonance gas mode…
扫码添加微信好友，提出您的宝贵建议 👇
💡 备注请填写：网站反馈
发表机构由 AI 从论文文本抽取，如发现错误，欢迎反馈修正建议。