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arXiv 1504.04512astro-ph.EP
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作为原始星子盘碰撞碎片的彗星

Comets as collisional fragments of a primordial planetesimal disk

Alessandro Morbidelli, Hans Rickman

摘要:

罗塞塔任务及其精密的测量重新引发了关于彗星是原始星子还是碰撞演化物体的争论。我们在所谓的“尼斯模型”的背景下,研究了当前彗星核的前体在太阳系早期所经历的碰撞演化。我们考虑了两种碰撞演化的环境:(1)跨行星际的星子盘,从气体去除的时间,直到磁盘被分散的冰巨星的迁移,和(2)分散盘形成的时间,分散盘。在这两种情况下使用不同的方法进行了模拟,以确定半径为2公里的彗星核通常经历的破坏性碰撞次数。在广泛接受的假设中,星子盘的分散发生在大约4 Gy前的晚期重轰炸时期,彗星大小的星子在盘中的破坏性碰撞中生存的机会非常小。在极端的假设,即磁盘是直接分散在气体去除,有机会为一个显着的小行星的一部分保持完整。不过,这些幸存者身上,还是会留下许多非破坏性撞击的痕迹。因此,太阳系演化的尼斯模型预测,典型的公里大小的彗星核主要是较大母体碰撞产生的碎片。进一步研究的一个重要目标是调查彗星核的观测特性是否与这种碰撞起源相一致。

英文摘要:

The Rosetta mission and its exquisite measurements have revived the debate on whether comets are pristine planetesimals or collisionally evolved objects. We investigate the collisional evolution experienced by the precursors of current comet nuclei during the early stages of the Solar System, in the context of the so-called "Nice Model". We consider two environments for the collisional evolution: (1) the trans-planetary planetesimal disk, from the time of gas removal until the disk was dispersed by the migration of the ice giants, and (2) the dispersing disk during the time that the scattered disk was formed. Simulations have been performed, using different methods in the two cases, to find the number of destructive collisions typically experienced by a comet nucleus of 2km radius. In the widely accepted scenario, where the dispersal of the planetesimal disk occurred at the time of the Late Heavy Bombardment about 4Gy ago, comet-sized planetesimals have a very small chance to survive against destructive collisions in the disk. On the extreme assumption that the disk was dispersed directly upon gas removal, there is a chance for a significant fraction of the planetesimals to remain intact. However, these survivors would still bear the marks of many non-destructive impacts. Thus, the Nice Model of Solar System evolution predicts that typical km-sized comet nuclei are predominantly fragments resulting from collisions experienced by larger parent bodies. An important goal for further research is to investigate, whether the observed properties of comet nuclei are compatible with such a collisional origin.

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