竞争系统中进化诱导的交替态和共存
Evolutionarily induced alternative states and coexistence in systems with apparent competition
摘要：
捕食者通常会消耗多个猎物，并通过相互补贴共享的捕食者，猎物可能会相互伤害。当捕食水平很高时，这种明显的竞争可能会导致被捕食物种被取代。耦合数量遗传学和洛特卡-沃尔泰拉模型，我们研究捕食者进化如何改变这一点和其他生态结果。这些模型考虑了捕食者对两种猎物的攻击率之间的权衡。我们提供了一个数学表征的强形式的持久性-持久性-有一个全局吸引有界远离灭绝。当演化动力学发生在比生态动力学足够慢的时间尺度上时，我们还用奇异摄动理论和生态演化动力学的图解方法刻画了吸引子及其吸引盆的特征。我们的研究结果表明，生态进化反馈可以调解持久性在中间权衡的攻击率。然而，在强烈的权衡中，永久性就失去了。尽管这种永久性的损失，可以有吸引子支持共存。然而，这些吸引子可能与捕食者被排除在外的吸引子一致。我们的研究结果强调，进化-进化反馈可以通过调解共存或导致性状依赖的替代稳定状态来改变社区结构。
英文摘要：
Predators often consume multiple prey and by mutually subsidizing a shared predator, the prey may reciprocally harm each other. When predation levels are high, this apparent competition can culminate in a prey species being displaced. Coupling quantitative genetics and Lotka-Volterra models, we study how predator evolution alters this and other ecological outcomes. These models account for a trade-off between the predator's attack rates on two prey species. We provide a mathematical characterization of a strong form of persistence--permanence--for which there is a global attractor bounded away from extinction. When the evolutionary dynamics occur at a sufficiently slower time scale than the ecological dynamics, we also characterize attractors and their basins' of attraction using singular perturbation theory and a graphical approach to the eco-evolutionary dynamics. Our results show that eco-evolutionary feedbacks can mediate permanence at intermediate trade-offs in the attack rates. However, at strong trade-offs, permanence is lost. Despite this loss of permanence, there can be attractors supporting coexistence. These attractors, however, may coincide with attractors at which the predator is excluded. Our results highlight that evo-evolutionary feedbacks can alter community structure by mediating coexistence or leading to trait-dependent alternative stable states.
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