We explore in detail oscillations of the solar $^7$Be neutrinos in the matter of the Earth. The depth of oscillations is about $(0.1 - 0.2)\%$ and the length $\approx 30$ km. The period of the oscillatory modulations in the energy scale is comparable with the width of the line determined by the temperature in the center of the Sun. The latter means that depending on the length of trajectory (nadir angle) one obtains different degree of averaging of oscillations. Exploring these oscillations it is possible to measure the width of the $^7$Be line and therefore the temperature of the Sun, determine precisely $Δm^2_{21}$, perform tomography of the Earth, in particular, measure the deviation of its form from sphere, and detect small structures. Studies of the Be neutrinos open up a possibility to test quantum mechanics of neutrino oscillations and search for the sterile neutrinos. Accuracy of these measurements with future scintillator (or scintillator uploaded) detectors of the $\sim 100$ kton mass scale is estimated.
Neutrinos have two properties that make them fairly unique from other known particles: extremely low cross sections and flavor changing oscillations. With a good knowledge of the oscillation parameters soon in hand, it will become possible to detect low-energy atmospheric neutrinos sensitive to the forward elastic scattering off electrons in the Earth's core providing a measurement of the core properties and the matter effect itself. As the dynamics of the Earth's core are complicated and in a difficult to probe environment, additional information from upcoming neutrino experiments will provid…
Modern proposed atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments, such as PINGU in the Antarctic ice or ORCA in Mediterranean sea water, aim for precision measurements of the oscillation parameters including the ordering of the neutrino masses. They can, however, go far beyond that: Since neutrino oscillations are affected by the coherent forward scattering with matter, neutrinos can provide a new view on the interior of the earth. We show that the proposed atmospheric oscillation experiments can measure the lower mantle density of the earth with a precision at the level of a few percent, includin…
In a first attempt to describe the effect on neutrino travel inside the Earth caused by general relativity in the case of a dense Earth, we have neglected the Earth's rotation, the Earth's ellipticity and also the surface terrain variation, nevertheless we have focused our attention on the density description of the Earth interior provided by geophysic's models such as PREM. Assuming a non rotating Earth, the general relativistic effect on neutrino travelling from CERN to GRAN-SASSO happened to produce a delay of $δt=4.1863 \, picosecond$.
Flavour oscillations of sub-GeV atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos, traversing different distances inside the Earth, are a promising source of information on the leptonic CP phase $δ$. In that energy range, the oscillations are very fast, far beyond the resolution of modern neutrino detectors. However, the necessary averaging over the experimentally typical energy and azimuthal angle bins does not wash out the CP violation effects. In this paper we derive very accurate analytic compact expressions for the averaged oscillations probabilities. Assuming spherically symmetric Earth, the avera…
We study the earth matter effects in the Tokai-to-Kamioka-and-Korea experiment (T2KK), which is a proposed extension of the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment between J-PARC at Tokai and Super-Kamiokande (SK) in Kamioka, where an additional detector is placed in Korea along the same neutrino beam line.By using recent geophysical measurements, we examine the earth matter effects on the oscillation probabilities at Kamioka and Korea. The average matter density along the Tokai-to-Kamioka baseline is found to be 2.6 g/cm^3, and that for the Tokai-to-Korea baseline is 2.85, 2.98…
Dark Matter Attenuation inside the Earth: A Boltzmann Equation Approach
College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China)（中国石油大学（华东）理学院）；Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院上海高等研究院上海同步辐射光源）
KM3NeT-ORCA is a water-Cherenkov neutrino detector designed for studying the oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos, with the primary objective of measuring the neutrino mass ordering. Atmospheric neutrinos crossing the Earth undergo matter effects, modifying the pattern of their flavour oscillations. The study of the angular and energy distribution of neutrino events in ORCA can therefore provide tomographic information on the Earth's interior with an independent technique, complementary to the standard geophysics methods. Preliminary estimations based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of the d…
We find an analytical expression of neutrino evolution operator in the Earth matter using perturbative approach in the context of three neutrino oscillations. We find that our analytical expression is highly accurate by comparing its results with the numerical solutions of neutrino evolution equation at energy scales relevant for solar, reactor, atmospheric, and accelerator neutrinos. Using our analytical approach we study the accuracy of hypothesis of treating the Earth density piecewise constant. We also study how the Earth matter effect can change the sensitivity to CP phase parameter $δ_{C…
Studies on Response Uniformity of RPC and Exploring Oscillation Dip and Valley, Non-Standard Interactions, and Earth's Core using Atmospheric Neutrinos at ICAL-INO detector
On 2010 MINOS experiment was showing an hint of possible different mass splitting and mixing angles for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos, suggesting a charge-parity-time (CPT) violation in the lepton sector; last year 2012 a second result from MINOS showed a reduced discrepancy between the two set of parameters, nearly compatible with no CPT violation. We proposed an experiment for more precise estimation of neutrino oscillation parameters being useful not only for a complete discrimination for CPT scenarios, but also for mass hierarchy and theta 13 determination, and mostly for the first oscillat…
We study in details the Earth matter effects on the boron neutrinos from the Sun using recently developed 3D models of the Earth. The models have a number of new features of the density profiles, in particular, a substantial deviation from spherical symmetry. In this connection, we further elaborate on relevant aspects of oscillations ($ε^2$ corrections, adiabaticity violation, entanglement, {\it etc.}) and the attenuation effect. The night excesses of the $νe-$ and $νN-$ events and the Day-Night asymmetries, $A_{ND}$, are presented in terms of the matter potential and the generalized energy r…
A High-Precision Numerical Framework for Time-Varying Solar Neutrino Flux with Full Earth Matter Oscillation Corrections for Global Underground Laboratories
The unknown constituents of the interior of our home planet have provoked the human imagination and driven scientific exploration. We herein demonstrate that large neutrino detectors could be used in the near future to significantly improve our understanding of the Earth's inner chemical composition. Neutrinos, which are naturally produced in the atmosphere, traverse the Earth and undergo oscillations that depend on the Earth's electron density. The Earth's chemical composition can be determined by combining observations from large neutrino detectors with seismic measurements of the Earth's ma…
The annihilation of dark matter particles captured by the Sun can lead to a neutrino flux observable in neutrino detectors. Considering the fact that these dark matter particles are non-relativistic, if a pair of dark matter annihilates to a neutrino pair, the spectrum of neutrinos will be monochromatic. We show that in this case, even after averaging over production point inside the Sun, the oscillatory terms of the oscillation probability do not average to zero. This leads to interesting observable features in the annual variation of the number of muon track events. We show that smearing of …
In a recent combined analysis of short baseline neutrino oscillation data by Conrad et al it is shown that (3+3) neutrino model, defined by three active and three sterile neutrinos, results in an overall goodness of $67\%$ and a compatibility of $90\%$ among all data sets - to be compared to the compatibility of $0.043\% $ and $13\% $ for a (3+1) and a (3+2) model, respectively. Aside from the fact that (3+3) model still finds inconsistencies with MiniBooNE appearance data sets, its high quality overall compatibility and goodness of fit led us to study the atmospheric neutrinos in this model w…
NuCraft (nucraft.hepforge.org) is an open-source Python project that calculates neutrino oscillation probabilities for neutrinos from cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere for their propagation through Earth. The solution is obtained by numerically solving the Schrödinger equation. The code supports arbitrary numbers of neutrino flavors including additional sterile neutrinos, CP violation, arbitrary mass hierarchies, matter effects with a configurable Earth model, and takes into account the production height distribution of neutrinos in the Earth's atmosphere.
